Learning And Conditoning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

A relatively permanent change in behaviors due to experience

Question 2

Behaviorism

Answer 2

An approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the environment as a determinate of behavior

Question 3

Conditioning

Answer 3

A basic kind if learning that involves associations between environmental stimuli and organisms responses

Question 4

Classical conditioning

Answer 4

A neutral stimulus that is made to have a new feel arise with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 5

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 5

A stimulus that natural causes a reaction

Question 6

Unconditioned response

Answer 6

The reflexive response that elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning

Question 7

Neutral stimulus

Answer 7

Becomes the conditioned stimulus after classical conditioning

Question 8

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 8

The classical conditioning term for an initially neutral stimulus that brings out a conditioned response after being associated with the unconditioned stimulus

Question 9

Conditioned response

Answer 9

A response that is brought by a conditioned stimulus

Question 10

Classical conditioning

Answer 10

The process by which the neutral stimulus elicit a response through learning with a stimulus that elicit a similar response

Question 11

CC extinction:

Answer 11

The disappearance of a phobia. Presenting the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus and disappears after

Question 12

CC spontaneous recovery

Answer 12

The reappearance of classical conditioned response

Question 13

CC high order conditioning

Answer 13

When an already classically conditioned a second stimulus attached to the first one then also become classically conditioned

Question 14

CC generalization

Answer 14

After a stimulus become conditioned stimulus for a certain response, similar stimulus may also become conditioned

Question 15

CC discrimination

Answer 15

The tendency to respond differently to two or more similar stimuli.

Question 16

Flooding

Answer 16

Where some body is exposed intensely with what they fear

Question 17

Aversive conditioning

Answer 17

Negative reinforcement; a type of counter conditioning that associates unpleasant feeling with bad behaviors

Question 18

Counter conditioning

Answer 18

Positive reinforcement; the process of paring a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that evokes positive feeling.

Question 19

Systematic desensitization

Answer 19

A step by step process to eliminate phobias by slowly bringing someone closer to what they fear

Question 20

Food aversions

Answer 20

People avoid food after it has made them sick

Question 21

Placebo

Answer 21

May cause reduced pain and anxiety because of expectations of treatment

Question 22

Operant conditioning

Answer 22

Deliberate desirable behavior that becomes more or less likely depending on rewards and punisher

Question 23

Edward Thorndike’s law if effect

Answer 23

Behavior is stamped in by satisfying effects

Question 24

B.F. Skinner

Answer 24

“Radical Behaviorism” to understand behavior one should focus on the external causes of an action

Question 25

Primary reinforcer

Answer 25

Naturally reinforcing because it satisfies biological needs

Question 26

Primary punisher

Answer 26

A stimulus that is inherently punishing

Question 27

Secondary reinforcers

Answer 27

A stimulus that acquired reinforcing properties through association

Question 28

Secondary punishers

Answer 28

A stimulus that is acquired punishing properties through associations

Question 29

Positive reinforcement

Answer 29

Increases behavior in a subject by giving them something they like

Question 30

Negative reinforcement

Answer 30

Reinforcement that takes something away to increase an actions

Question 31

Positive punishment

Answer 31

Giving something to decrease behavior

Question 32

Negative punishment

Answer 32

Taking something away to decrease a behavior

Question 33

OC extinction

Answer 33

A procedure that causes a previously reinforced behavior to stop. The reinforcer must be removed or no longer available

Question 34

OC generalization

Answer 34

The tendency for a response that has been reinforced or punished to be present in another stimulus response

Question 35

OC discrimination

Answer 35

The tendency for the response to just happen in the case of a specific stimulus

Question 36

OC discriminative stimulus

Answer 36

A stimulus that signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by a certain consequence

Question 37

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 37

Quickest way to extinct a behavior; a reinforcement. Is schedule I. Which a particular response is always reinforced

Question 38

Intermittent reinforcement

Answer 38

A reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is sometimes but not always reinforced. Best way to change a behavior

Question 39

Fixed

Answer 39

A set time or number

Question 40

Variable

Answer 40

You never know what you are going to get

Question 41

Ratio

Answer 41

Number interval, passing of time

Question 42

Fixed ratio schedule

Answer 42

Reinforcement occurred after a set number of responses. How many times you have to do something before you are rewarded

Question 43

Variable ratio schedule

Answer 43

Reinforcement occurs after a unknown number of responses

Question 44

Fixed interval schedule

Answer 44

Reinforcement is given after a set amount of time has passed

Question 45

Variable interval schedule

Answer 45

Reinforcement is given after a unknown amount if time

Question 46

Shaping: OC

Answer 46

An operant conditioning procedure in which a successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced

Question 47

Successive approximations

Answer 47

Shaping behaviors that see ordered in terms of increasing similarity to desired response

Question 48

Instinctive drift

Answer 48

During operant learning the tendency or an organism to revert to instinctive behavior

Question 49

Determinist view

Answer 49

We are shaped by our involvement and genes

Question 50

Mere exposure effect

Answer 50

A learned preference for stimuli to which we have been previously exposed. The more we are exposed the more we like it

Question 51

Behavior modification: applied behavior analysis

Answer 51

The applications of operant conditioning techniques to each new responses or reduce or eliminate maladaptive or problematic behavior

Question 52

Habituation

Answer 52

Learning motto respond to the repeated presentation of a stimulus

Question 53

Extrinsic reinforcers

Answer 53

Reinforcers that are not inherently related to the activity being reinforced

Question 54

Intrinsic reinforcers

Answer 54

Reinforcers that are inherently related to the activity being reinforced

Question 55

Over justification effect

Answer 55

When people focus on the extrinsic reward as their motives for an activity, they begin to lose their intrinsic interest

Question 56

Latent learning

Answer 56

A form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response, it occurs without obvious reinforcement

Question 57

Cognitive map

Answer 57

Mental image of an areas layout

Question 58

Social learning theory

Answer 58

Emphasizes how behavior is learned and maintained through observation and imitation of others

Question 59

Observational learning

Answer 59

A process in which an individual learns new responses by observing the behavior of another rather than through direct experience