Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY 30250 > Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is learning?

A

The process of acquiring new information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is incidental learning?

A

Not all learning is intentional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is memory?

A

Encoding, storage, and recall of information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is memory is the outcome of?

A

Learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the stages of memory?

A

Encoding, storage, and retrieval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is encoding?

A

The acquisition and consolidation of information that creates a memory trace

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does encoding occur?

A

Through structural and chemical changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is consolidation?

A

Changes in the brain that stabilize memory over time and create a stronger representation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is storage?

A

The retention of memory traces in a permanent record

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How are memories stored?

A

As a pattern of neuronal activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is retrieval?

A

Process of accessing a stored memory trace from LTM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Three ways to learn about memory?

A

Human studies, animal studies, and computational science

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are short term forms of memory?

A

Sensory memory, short-term memory, and working memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is working memory?

A

The limited capacity store for retaining info over short term and performing mental operations (maintenance and manipulation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Baddley and Hitch’s model of working memory?

A

It is a three part system non-unified system with the central executive mechanism, the phonological loop, and the visuospatial “sketch pad”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Evidence of the model of working memory?

A

More likely to produce similarly sounding letters when asked to recall (depends on acoustic code rather than semantic code)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In working memory, which hemisphere is involved in verbal memory?

A

The left hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In working memory, which hemisphere is involved in spatial memory?

A

Right hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the types of LT memory?

A

Declarative and nondeclarative memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

Memory for events and facts that we have conscious access to and can verbally report

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the types of declarative memory?

A

Episodic and semantic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Memories of events that a person experienced and the context surrounding it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Objective knowledge that is factual in nature but doesn’t include the context in which it was learned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is nondeclarative memory?

A

Memory expressed through performance (implicit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Skills without explicit knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What structures are involved in procedural memory?

A

Basal ganglia and subcortical structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is priming?

A

A change in the response to a stimulus or in the ability to identify a stimulus following prior exposure to the stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the perceptual representation system?

A

The place where the structure or form of objects can be primed and benefit from prior experience

29
Q

Is there a difference between conceptual and semantic priming?

A

Not really

30
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

CS is paired with US and becomes associated with, causing a CR due to a CS

31
Q

where does classical conditioning occur in the brain?

A

Cerebellum

32
Q

What is non-associative learning?

A

Consists of forms of simple learning

33
Q

Two types of non-associative learning?

A

Habituation and sensitization

34
Q

What is habituation?

A

A response to an unchanging stimulus decreases over time

35
Q

What is sensitization?

A

A response increases with repeated presentation of a stimulus

36
Q

What pathways does non-associative learning involve?

A

Sensory inputs

37
Q

What brain structures does declarative memory involve?

A

MT lobe, neocortex, middle diencephalon

38
Q

What is Atkinson and Shiffrin’s model of memory?

A

Sensory inputs that are attended to move to ST storage. If they are rehearsed, they can be moved to LT memory

39
Q

What are the strengths of the modal model?

A

Separate LTM and STM a

40
Q

What are the weaknesses of the modal model?

A

Too simple and there is evidence that STM may not be needed for LTM

41
Q

What is amnesia?

A

Memory deficits and loss

42
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Lesion/physiological trauma leads to inability to learn new things

43
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Loss of memory for events and knowledge because of a traumatic event

44
Q

What does amnesia show about the brain structures?

A

The HC is critical in LTM formation but not STM or non-declarative memory

45
Q

What happened to patient HM?

A

His HC was lesioned, resulting in an inability to form new memories and new information about surroundings. He was still able to form STM and procedural memories

46
Q

What is the delayed nonmatch-to-sample task?

A

A food reward is hidden underneath the new object, which a primate can lean over time

47
Q

What did the delayed nonmatch-to-sample demonstrate?

A

The HC cannot function if connections to amygdala and cortical regions are lesioned. The more lesioning, the more disruptions in the function

48
Q

What is the water maze task?

A

Rats are dropped in the water with an invisible platform and learn where it is over time

49
Q

What did the water maze task demonstrate?

A

The MT lobe and HC are important for LTM, but not critical for non-declarative or STM

50
Q

What neural region is activated during encoding?

A

Hippocampus

51
Q

What is Ranagath study with red and green words?

A

Participants made size and animacy judgements and were tested on familiarity and confidence

52
Q

What did the Ranagath study show?

A

The HC/PHC cortex is important for recollection, while the perirhinal cortex is important for recognition

53
Q

What brain region is activated during retrieval?

A

HC

54
Q

What is the Eldridge experiment?

A

Participants memorized a list of words and decided if they were new or old words

55
Q

What did the Eldridge experiment show?

A

HC is selectively active for recollected items in retrieval

56
Q

What is posterior parietal activation linked with?

A

Retrieval, and decreased with encoding

57
Q

What is relational memory?

A

Memory for relations among elements of an experiment

58
Q

What kind of memory is relational context linked to?

A

Episodic memory

59
Q

How does relational information work?

A

Reactivation of original neocortical areas that provided input to the HC during original encoding

60
Q

What did White’s experiment show?

A

Relational context may be stored in the cortex rather than the HC because neocortex was activated correlating to the type of perception

61
Q

What is White’s experiment?

A

Participants learned a set of sounds and pictures with a memory test later on

62
Q

What is Hebbian learning?

A

“Cells that fire together wire together” meaning that synaptic connections change depending on activity and coactivation

63
Q

When will synapse be strengthened in Hebbian learning?

A

When both synapse and postsynaptic cell are co-activated because neural pathway is strengthened

64
Q

What is long term potentiation?

A

Stimulation of synapses lead to greater long term synaptic strength so that when activated again there is a larger response

65
Q

How does LTP work?

A

NMDA produce LTP which is dependent on glutamate. AMPA receptors are inserted overtime with depolarization and become more sensitive to glutamate

66
Q

What are the three rules of LTP?

A

Cooperativity, associativity, and specificity

67
Q

What is cooperativity in LTP?

A

There must be more than one input active at the same time

68
Q

What is associativity in LTP?

A

Weak inputs potentiated when they co-occur with strong inputs

69
Q

What is specificity in LTP?

A

Only the stimulated synapse shows potentiation

PSY 30250 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions