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Psychology vce unit 3/4 > Learning and memory > Flashcards

Learning and memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is learning?

A

The process of making new knowledge, skills or behaviors through experiences

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2
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

A type of learning that involves repeated association between two stimuli’s to produce a natural response.

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3
Q

What are the 3 stages of conditioning?

A

Before, during and after

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4
Q

What is before conditioning?

A

When the neutral stimulus has no significance as well as responses.

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5
Q

What is during conditioning?

A

when the neutral stimulus is paired repeatedly with the unconditioned stimulus, creating a unconditioned response.

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6
Q

What is after conditioning?

A

when the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus, creating a conditioned response.

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7
Q

What is neutral stimulus?

A

a type of stimulus that has no response prior to the conditioning.

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8
Q

What is a unconditioned stimulus?

A

a type of stimulus that produces an unconscious response.

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9
Q

What is a unconditioned response?

A

a type of response that is a naturally occurring behavior in response to a stimulus.

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10
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus?

A

(was the neutral) a type of stimulus that produces a conditioned response after being repeatedly paired with the UCS.

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11
Q

What is a conditioned response?

A

a type of response that happens involuntary after the CS is presented.

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12
Q

EXAMPLE OF CONDITIONING

A

stage 1:
NS=no response
stage 2:
NS+UCS=UCR
stage 3:
CS=CR

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13
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

a 3 phase learning process in which the likelihood of a behavior repeating is determined by the consequences.

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14
Q

What is the three phase model made up of?

A

Antecedent
Behavior
Consequence

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15
Q

What is antecedent?

A

The stimulus that triggers a certain behaviour.

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16
Q

What is behaviour?

A

The operant response where the individual acts voluntarily to the antecedent.

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17
Q

What is consequence?

A

The outcome which shapes or guides the future behaviors.

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18
Q

Whats reinforcement?

A

A consequence where it increases the likelihood that behavior will reoccur.

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19
Q

What is punishment?

A

A consequence where it decreases the likelihood of that behavior reoccurring.

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20
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

the addition of a desirable stimulus. example, getting a lolly for completing homework.

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21
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

the removal of a desirable stimulus. example, losing phone privileges for swearing.

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22
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

the addition of an undesirable stimulus. example getting detention for not doing homework.

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23
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

the removal of an undesirable stimulus. example being let off of doing chores because you did good in a SAC

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24
Q

What is observational learning?

A

a socio-cognitive approach to learning where it involves in watching the behavior of a model then watch the associated consequence with that behavior

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25
Q

What is socio-cognitive approaches to learning?

A

A theory in which learning takes place in a social setting and involves various of cognitive processes.

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26
Q

What is a model?

A

The individual that is performing the behavior that is being observed.

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27
Q

STAGES OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

A

Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation
Reinforcement

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28
Q

What is attention?

A

involves the learner actively watching the model.

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29
Q

What is retention?

A

involves the learner storing the metal representation of the behavior.

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30
Q

What is reproduction?

A

when the learner as the mental and physical ability to perform the behavior.

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31
Q

What is motivation?

A

when the learner has the desire to copy the behavior.

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32
Q

What is reinforcement?
(relation to observational learning)

A

when the learner receives a positive outcome after performing the behavior, they are more likely to do it again.

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33
Q

TYPES OF MOTIVATION

A

Intrinsic
Entrinsic

34
Q

TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT
(observational learning)

A

Self-reinforcement
External reinforcement
Vicarious reinforcement

35
Q

What is intrinsic motivation?

A

occurs from within the individual, example the desire to perform well on a SAC

36
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

occurs from factors external from the individual, example the teacher praising you for doing well on the SAC

37
Q

What is self-reinforcement?

A

when the behavior is reinforced through internal factors, such as feeling proud of yourself.

38
Q

What is external reinforcement?

A

when the behavior is reinforced through external factors, such as getting an award.

39
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement?

A

when the behavior is reinforced by observing the other person being reinforced for the same behavior, such as seeing someone receiving a award for doing well

40
Q

What is system of knowledge?

A

knowledge and skills are based on interconnected social, physical and spiritual understandings.

41
Q

What is mulitmodal?

A

using a variety of methods.

42
Q

8 WAYS OF LEARNING FRAMEWORK

A

story sharing
learning maps
non-verbal
symbols and images
non-linear
land links
community links
deconstruct/reconstruct

43
Q

What is story sharing?

A

The approach to learn through narrative, by connecting through the stories we share.

44
Q

What is learning maps?

A

Mapping and visualizing processes by picturing our pathways of knowledge.

45
Q

What is non-verbal?

A

Applying intra-personal and kin-aesthetic skills to thinking and learning. We see, think, act, make and share without words.

46
Q

What is symbols and images?

A

Using images and metaphors to understand the content, we keep and share knowledge with art and objects.

47
Q

What is land links?

A

Place based learning, lining content to local land and place. We work with lessons from land and nature.

48
Q

What is non-linear?

A

Producing innovations and understanding by thinking laterally or combining systems. We put different ideas together to create new knowledge.

49
Q

What is deconstruct/reconstruct?

A

Modelling and scaffolding, working from wholes to part. We work from wholes to part, watching then doing.

50
Q

What is community links?

A

Centering local viewpoints, applying learning for community belief. We bring new knowledge home to help our mob.

51
Q

What is memory?

A

the process of encoding, storing and retrieving information that had been encountered.

52
Q

What is encoding?

A

the process where it converts information from our stm into a form so our brain can store it.

53
Q

What is storage?

A

the process where the brain retains the information in the ltm so that we can retrieve it for future use.

54
Q

What is retrieval?

A

the process of accessing previously stored information from our ltm

55
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

it stores raw information briefly detected by the senses

56
Q

What is iconic memory?

A

stores visual information for 0.2-0.4 seconds and has a unlimited capacity.

57
Q

What is echoic memory?

A

stores auditory information for 3-4 seconds and has a unlimited capacity.

58
Q

What is short term memory? (stm)

A

actively manipulates information, so it remains conscious awareness, it has a capacity of 5-9 items and can be increase by chunking as well as a duration of 12-30 seconds.

59
Q

What is long term memory? (ltm)

A

stores information that has been semantically encoded for future use. it has a capacity that in unlimited and the duration is relatively permanent.

60
Q

What is explanatory power?

A

The ability of a hypothesis or a theory to explain the subject matter effectively to which it pertains.

61
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

a type of ltm that is formed and retrieved intentionally with conscious effort.

62
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

a type of ltm that is formed and retrieved without conscious effort

63
Q

What is a procedural memory?

A

a type of implicit memory that involves knowing how to carry out tasks that are facilitated by motor skills.

64
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

a type of explicit memory that consists of personal experiences or events.

65
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

a type of explicit memory that consists of general knowledge or facts.

66
Q

BRAIN STRUCTURE

A

hippocampus
amygdala
neocortex
basal ganglia
cerebellum

67
Q

What is the hippocampus?

A

a brain structure that encodes explicit memories

68
Q

What is the amygdala?

A

a brain structure that encodes the emotional components of memories

69
Q

What is the neocortex?

A

a brain structure involved in higher brain functions that stores explicit memories.

70
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

a brain structure responsible for encoding and storage of motor and implicit memory.

71
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

a brain structure encoding and storage of implicit procedural memories.

72
Q

What is Alzheimer’s disease?

A

a neurodegenerative disease that involves the progressive loss of neurons in the brain characterized by memory decline.

73
Q

What is amyloid plaques?

A

when beta-amyloid proteins build up. This abnormal build-up forms plaques between the synapses of neurons, and so interfere with communication.

74
Q

What is neurofibillary tangles?

A

when protein builds up inside the neuron and are associated with cell death. This interferes with the flow of information travels within and between neurons, disrupting communication.

75
Q

What is the symptoms and treatments of Alzheimer’s

A

symptoms include memory loss, personality change, confusion and disorientation and repetition.
There is no cure but there is medication to slow the disease.

76
Q

What is aphantasia?

A

a phenomenon where a individual lack the capacity to generate a mental image.

77
Q

What are mnemonics?

A

A technique used to encoding, storage and retrieval of information.

78
Q

What is an acronym?

A

a mnemonic uses the first letters of items to form a pronounceable word to aid memory.

79
Q

What is an acrostic?

A

a mnemonic device that uses the first letters of items to form phrase, poem or rhyme to aid memory.

80
Q

What is method of loci?

A

a mnemonic device that converts items into mental images and associates them with specific locations to aid memory.

Psychology vce unit 3/4 (6 decks)

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