Learning and Memory Flashcards
What is implicit memory?
This type of memory involves the unconscious acquisition of skills or knowledge, without conscious awareness. For example, riding a bike or typing on a keyboard are skills that are acquired implicitly over time.
What is explicit memory?
explicit memory is conscious and deliberate. It involves the conscious recollection of facts or events, such as remembering your own birthday or recalling the name of a person you met recently.
What is episodic memory?
This type of memory is a subcategory of explicit memory and refers to the memory of specific events or episodes that have personal significance.
For example, remembering your wedding day or the day your child was born.
What is Long-term memory?
This refers to the ability to store and retrieve information over long periods of time. Long-term memory can be further divided into explicit and implicit memory.
What is working memory?
a short-term memory system that allows us to hold and manipulate information in our minds for brief periods of time.
Working memory is involved in many cognitive processes, such as problem-solving and decision-making.
What is procedural memory?
This type of memory involves the unconscious learning of motor skills, such as how to ride a bike or play a musical instrument
What is classical conditioning?
This type of learning involves the association of two stimuli, such that one stimulus comes to elicit a response that was originally elicited only by the other stimulus. For example, Pavlov’s famous experiment, in which a dog learned to associate the sound of a bell with the arrival of food.
What is retrograde amnesia?
more loss of memory closer to trauma (“temporally graded”), new memories can still be formed
What is anterograde memory?
Memory before trauma is preserved, but new memories cannot be formed
What is the medial temporal lobe (MTL)?
includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and parahippocampal regions, and is crucial for episodic and spatial memory
MTL memory function consists of distinct processes such as encoding, consolidation and retrieval.
What is an engram?
The term engram is a hypothetical construct used to represent the physical processes and changes that constitute memory in the brain, and the search for the engram is the attempt to locate and identify that memory.
What are place cells?
specialized cells in the hippocampus that fire when
an animal is in a specific spatial location
What are grid cells?
specialized cells in the entorhinal cortex that fire when an animal is in one of many related locations
What is operant conditioning?
this type of learning involves learning associations between behaviors and their outcomes. For example, a rat may learn to press a lever in order to receive a reward
What is Long-term potentiation (LTP)?
a process that strengthens synaptic connections between neurons, and it is believed to be a mechanism underlying learning and memory.
