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Behavior Sciences Mcat > Learning And Memory > Flashcards

Learning And Memory Flashcards

(114 cards)

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1
Q

Define learning

A

Learning is basically acquiring new behaviors

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2
Q

Define stimulus

A

Anything that an organism can respond to

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3
Q

________is when an organism is exposed to a repeated stimulus leading to a weaker response

A

Habituation

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4
Q

When a stimulus is too weak and leads to no repsonse

A

Subthreshold

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5
Q

Dishabituation

A

Recovery of a response after habituation has occurred due to the presence of another stimulus

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6
Q

What are two different kinds of learning

A

Associative learning
observational learning

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7
Q

What are different kinds of associative learning

A

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning

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8
Q

Define classical conditioning

A

Association is formed between two different stimuli or a behaviour and repsonse. Mostly works for reflexive responses

By IVAN PAVLOV

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9
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Any stimulus than brings about a reflexive repsonse . Like meat

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10
Q

Unconditioned response

A

It is the reflexive response . Like salivating

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11
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

Stimulus that does not elicit a reflexive response

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12
Q

Conditioned stimulis

A

Initially a neutral stimulus now associated to elicit a reflexive response

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13
Q

Conditioned response

A

Reflexive response due to conditioned stimulus

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14
Q

_______is when an unconditioned stimulus turns a neutral stimulus to conditioned stimulus

A

Acquisition

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15
Q

_________ is when CS is not followed by US leading to extinction of the leaned behaviour

A

Extinction

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16
Q

————- is when when CS produces a weak CR

A

Spontaneous recovery. Basically when a dog is once again made to hear the bell, they will start to salivate but it will be really weak

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17
Q

_______ is when a similar stimulus can produce the same CR

A

Generalisation

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18
Q

Opposite of generalisation

A

Discrimination.
Basically the organism only react to the exact stimulus. In case of bell, the dogs will only react to the same kind of tone and will not react if the bell is struck differently making a different sound

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19
Q

Operant learning

A

Consequences of voluntary behaviour relates to the frequency of that behaviour

By BF SKINNER

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20
Q

Define reinforcement

A

Basically increases the likelihood of a bahavior happening through reward seeking

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21
Q

What kind of reinforment increase the likelihood of a behaviour happening by adding a positive consequence ?

A

Positive reinforcement

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22
Q

What kind of reinforment increase the likelihood of a behaviour happening by removing a negative consequence

A

Negative reinforcement

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23
Q

Negative reinforcement is divided into

A

Escape learning and avoidance learning

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24
Q

Define escape learning

A

Desired behaviour is exhibited in order to escape the -ve consequence

  • for example, putting on the seatbelt after the beep
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25
Define avoidance learning
Desired behaviour is exhibited before the -ve consequence can occur Eg. putting seatbelt on before beep
26
How many kinds of reinforcers are present?
@Primary - something an organism naturally responds to LIKE FOOD @secondary/conditioned - these are the reinforcers that form an association with the primary reinforcers @discriminative stimulus - just the presence of this stimulus indicates that the reward is potentially available
27
__________reduces the frequency of occurrence of a behaviour
Punishment
28
Types of punishment
-Negative. When a a behaviour is reduced by removing a stimulus Positive. When a behaviour is reduced by adding a stimulus
29
Define reinforcement schedules
Basically differed kinds of schedules to deliver a stimulus
30
_________is when reward is given after fixed ratio
Fixed ratio schedules
31
_______is when reward is given at a variable ratio . The average remains same
Variable ratio schedules BEST
32
_______is when reward is presents after a fixed interval of time like after every 30 seconds irrespective of the number of the times the desired behaviour has occurred
Fixed interval schedules
33
______ is when reward is presents after variable interval of time. For example after 30 secs but then the next time, 60 secs etc
Variable interval schedules
34
_____ means rewarding little behaviors that eventually lead to the desired behaviour
Shaping
35
Define latent learning
In this kind of learning, organism has learnt the desired behaviour but does not show it proactively until and unless provided with a reward
36
On what principle does problem solving work ?
Trial and error. Mostly exhibited by humans and chimpanzees
37
What is preparedness
Some behaviors are comparatively easier to learn because they align with the natural behaviors of the organism. This is termed as preparedness
38
_______is when the learners go back to their natural behaviors after learning a new behaviour.
Instinctive drift
39
_____kind of learning is through observing others or imitating others
Observational learning
40
Most important study for observational learning ?
Bandura bobo doll
41
Modeling?
Leading behaviors by visually watching others and doing what they present rather than what they talk about
42
_______neurons help in observational learning and imitation
Mirror neurons -found in Parietal and frontal lobes of the brain
43
Major memory processes
Encoding ~ storage ~ retrieval
44
Putting new info into memory
Encoding
45
Info gained without effort
Automatic processing
46
Info gained with effort
Controlled (effortful) processing
47
Types of encoding?
Semantic encoding - putting info into meaningful content Acoustic - storing as per sounds Visual - storing by visual Elaborative - putting info and then linking it to already present info
48
Types of encoding?
Semantic encoding - putting info into meaningful content Acoustic - storing as per sounds Visual - storing by visual Elaborative - putting info and then linking it to already present info
49
Strongest kind of encoding
Semantic
50
Weakest form of encoding
Visual
51
Encoding aids
1.maintenance rehearsal 2.mnemonics
52
Define maintenance rehearsal
Defined as repeating the same piece of info to keep in working memory or short term eventually to long term
53
These are acronyms or rhyming phrases that help in encoding
Mnemonics
54
Different mnemonics
1. Method of loci- linking each item with a location and when required to retrieve the info, you just walk along that path 2. Peg-word system- associating numbers with items 3. Chunking - grouping elements together
55
What is storage ?
Once Info is encoded, it needs to be stored for future retrieval
56
Types of memory
-sensory -working -short term -long term
57
Sensory memory
-lasts less than 1 second -high accuracy :echoic memory - fast decaying memory auditory stimuli :iconic memory- fast decaying memory of visual stimuli
58
Whole report?
Asked to produce the whole array of info
59
Partial report
Asked to produce either a row or column - mostly accurate
60
Eidetic memory
Form of iconic memory lasts for a few minutes. HIGH ACCURACY
61
Short term memory
>Fades quick - less than a minute >Memory capacity is 7+/-2 >hippocampus
62
Working memory
Similar to sensory memory but the info is continuing manipulated - hippocampus
63
Long term memory
Memory from STM moves to LTM through elborative rehearsal
64
Elaborative rehearsal
New info is associated with the already stored info in STM Different that MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL
65
Visuospatial sketchpad
Baddeley and hitch Related to working memory
66
Types of long term memory
Implicit and explicit
67
Implicit memory
Non declarative -no need to recall 1.procedural memory - skills and tasks learned liked bike riding
68
______ involves presentation of one stimulus affecting the perception of a second
Priming
69
Positive priming
One stimulus helps the processing of another
70
Negative priming
Presence of one stimulus makes it harder to process the second stimulus
71
Explicit memory
Declarative -need to be recalled 1.episodic memory - recollection of life experiences 2. Semantic memory - facts, concepts
72
Look at the phrases and decide whether it’s episodic, semantic or procedural 1.remembering parts of a bike 2. Remembering the experience while you learned to ride a bike 3. Riding a bike
1. Semantic 2. Episodic 3. Procedural
73
Memory that is related to our own lives and ourselfs and our experiences
Autobiographical memory
74
Demonstrating earned info
retrieval
75
Recognition
Process of identifying the right info from a set of other info Like MCQs
76
Relearning
-Hermann ebbinghaus
77
Term coined by hermann which states that releasing info after giving enough time between learning sessions increases retention
Spacing effect
78
Semantic network
Events and contents are linked together
79
_____is when one word leads to the recall of another
Spreading activation
80
What are recall cues?
Aids that helps us recall info
81
Types of recall aids
1. State dependent 2. Content effect 3. Source monitoring 4. Spreading activation 5. Serial position effect
82
Spreading activation
Recall of one word leads to the recall of another
83
Context effect
When Physical location is the same where encoded info is encoded, recall is easy
84
Source monitoring
Determining origin of the story and whether it’s factual or fictional
85
State dependent context
It’s easier to recall when you are in the same physical state
86
Detail position effect
Easier to recall first few words (primacy) and last few words (recency)
87
Significant loss of memorised info
Amnesia
88
Source amnesia
Inability to remember where, when and how
89
What is the main cause of dementia
Alzheimer’s
90
What neurotransmitter is associated with Alzheimer’s
Acetylcholine
91
Loss of cognitive function
Dementia
92
_________is when dysfunction in Alzheimer’s increase as evening approaches
Sundowning
93
What syndrome is related to thiamine deficiency in brain ?
Korsakoff’s syndrome
94
______amnesia in which previous memory is lost
Retrograde
95
______amnesia when it is difficult to form new memories
Anterograde
96
____is inability to recognise objects, people or sounds. Often due to brain injury
Agnosia
97
Decay is ?
Memory loss not because of any disorder
98
What is rentension function or curve of forgetting
Ebbinghaus Sharp fall initially, stable after
99
_______is when retrieval of one info effects the retrieval of another
Interference
100
You moved to a new home and now you have trouble recalling the new address and keep bringing your old address. What kind of interference is this?
Proactive - old info intereferes with new
101
You had a second marriage and now you are not able to remember events associated with your first marriage like anniversary etc? What kind of interference is this?
Retroactive -new info interferes with old
102
Peak period of encoding?
20s
103
You wake up in the morning and make a to do list to be done at the end of the day. What kind of memory is that?
Prospective memory - remembering that some tasks need to be done in the future
104
_____is accurately recalling past events
Reproductive memory
105
_________is when info is slightly altered which leads to a difference in narrative
Reconstructive memory
106
You are asked to tell how you celebrated your 10th birthday as an adult and you tell everyone the details however, your parents later tell you that they never celebrated your 10th bday. What kind of memory is this?
False memory
107
______memory is repressed but is brought back to life
Repressed (could be false)
108
_____false details added to memory (no environmental source )
Intrusion error
109
_______recall less accurate due to presence of external factors
Misinformation effect
110
You remember the details of an event but confuse the context
Source monitoring error
111
Formation of neural connections
Neuroplastivity
112
Breaking of weak neural bonds and strengthening of strong bonds to increase brain efficiency
Synaptic pruning
113
Define long term potential
Strengthning of neural connections through repeated use
114
What receptor is important for synaptic strengthening
NMDA receptor

Behavior Sciences Mcat (7 decks)

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