Learning and Memory

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

NS acquires new info

Question 2

Memory

Answer 2

mechanism of storage and retrieval of that information

Question 3

Non-associative Learning

Answer 3

exposure once or repeatedly to stimuli to learn about stimulus

Question 4

Types of Non-associative Learning

Answer 4

Habituation and Sensitization

Question 5

Associative Learning

Answer 5

Formation of associations among stimuli and/or responses

Question 6

Types of associative learning

Answer 6

Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning

Question 7

Classical Conditioning

Answer 7

novel stimulus (bell) learned to elicit same unconditioned response (salivating) as unconditioned stimulus (food), so that the novel stimulus (bell) elicits a conditioned response (salivating)

Question 8

Operant Conditioning

Answer 8

use of reinforcement or punishment to increase/decrease the likelihood of a behavior

Question 9

Operant conditioning - reinforcement

Answer 9

increases the likelihood of a behavior by presenting a pleasurable stimulus (positive reinforcement) or by removing an averse stimulus (negative reinforcement)

Question 10

Operant conditioning - punishment

Answer 10

decreases the likelihood of a behavior by presenting an averse stimuli (positive punishment) or removing a pleasurable stimuli (negative punishment)

Question 11

Social Learning/Modeling

Answer 11

imitation and observation of role models to understand consequences and learn new behaviors

Question 12

Cognitive Behaviorism

Answer 12

Learning environment based on past experiences influences subsequent learning and performance (expectations, responses, settings)

Question 13

Explicit Memory

Answer 13

conscious memory that is available for recall and can be expressed by language

Question 14

types of explicit memory

Answer 14

Episodic, Semantic, Autobiographical, and spatial

Question 15

Implicit memory

Answer 15

acquired and retrieved at an unconscious level, such as motor behaviors, conditioned reflexes, emotional responses

Question 16

Sensory Memory

Answer 16

ongoing experiences, utilizes unconscious, lasts for fraction of a second

Question 17

Short-term Memory

Answer 17

hold information in consciousness for seconds-minutes (memory buffer)

Question 18

Intermediate-term Memory

Answer 18

Hold information in consciousness for a few hours (cramming)

Question 19

Long-term Memory

Answer 19

Stored for days/weeks/years acquired in the past, dropped from consciousness and revisited later

Question 20

Memory Consolidation

Answer 20

transfer of memories from short–>intermediate–>long term

Question 21

If a memory doesn’t pass through consolidation

Answer 21

it will be lost permanently

Question 22

Remembering

Answer 22

retrieval of a memory from intermediate or long term, or rehearsal of short term memory

Question 23

Problem with recall

Answer 23

difficulty retrieving that memory

Question 24

Memory Mechanisms

Answer 24

1. Need or interest
2. Motivation to pay attention
3. Concentration for memorization
4. Organization for easy retrieval

Question 25

Causes for forgetting

Answer 25

lack of need/interest/motivation, lack of attention/concentration, lack of organization

Question 26

Reverberating Circuits in Short-term memory

Answer 26

ongoing neural activity maintained via excitatory feedback, memory maintained until neuronal activity is stopped

Question 27

Habituation Physiology of Short-term memory

Answer 27

Repetitive stimuli --> decreased Ca channels and influx --> decreased NT --> transient decreased postsynaptic activity--> decreased behavioral response

Question 28

Sensitization Physiology of SHort-term memory

Answer 28

Strong stimuli --> Serotonin --> blocked K channels --> Ca influx --> increased NT --> transient increased postsynaptic activity --> increased behavioral response

Question 29

Long-term memory Physiology

Answer 29

Increased number of synapses, altered NT release, altered properties of membranes, altered protein expression

Question 30

Long-term Memory and Synaptic Strength

Answer 30

Long term potentiation and long term depression contribute to synaptic plasticity

Question 31

Long term potentiation factor

Answer 31

lasts for days to weeks for consolidation of short-term memories, in hippocampus, involves change sin presynaptic (increases NT release) neuron and postsynaptic (increased receptor) neuron

Question 32

Long term potentiation factor mechanism

Answer 32

NMDA receptors increase on postsynaptic neuron, kinases are activated, alter protein synthesis, change in synaptic structure

Question 33

Explicit Memory is acquired

Answer 33

3 polymodal association cortices (prefrontal, limbic, and parieto-occipital-temporal cortices)

Question 34

Explicit information is sent from polymodal cortices to

Answer 34

parahippocampal and perirhinal to ENTORHINAL

Question 35

Damage to ENTORHINAL cortex

Answer 35

severe damage to explicit memory storage

Question 36

Hippocampal and thalamic nuclei play a role in

Answer 36

determining which memories are stored

Question 37

Lesion to the medial temporal lobe

Answer 37

long-term storage of new memories interfered

Question 38

Storage of episodic and sematic knowledge occurs in

Answer 38

association areas

Question 39

Working Memory

Answer 39

prefrontal cortex, temporary storage of info for future actions

Question 40

Implicit memory gained through fear conditioning is stored in

Answer 40

amygdala

Question 41

Implicit memory gained through operant conditioning is stored in

Answer 41

striatum and cerebellum

Question 42

Hippocampal damage results in impairment of

Answer 42

explicit memories, but not implicit

Question 43

Amnesia

Answer 43

inability to learn new information or to retrieve information acquired

Question 44

Amnesia patients

Answer 44

difficulty with a block of time despite alertness

Question 45

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 45

inability to remember past events (recent) due to trauma, loss of short-term memories prior to consolidation

Question 46

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 46

difficulty forming new long-term memories, lesion in temporal lobes (hippocampus)

Question 47

Aging and memory loss

Answer 47

due to loss of connections between neurons as we age

Question 48

Dementia

Answer 48

impaired memory and cognitive capabilities