Learning and Memory

Question 1

Define habituation

Answer 1

process of becoming used to a stimulus

Question 2

Define dishabituation

Answer 2

occurs when a second stimulus intervenes and causes desensitization to the original stimulus

Question 3

Define associative learning

Answer 3

way of pairing together stimuli and responses, or behaviors and consequences

Question 4

Describe classical conditioning

Answer 4

an unconditional stimulus and an unconditional response is paired with a neutral stimulus and eventually the neutral stimulus becomes conditioned and creates a conditioned response

dog and the bell situation

Question 5

Describe observational conditioning

Answer 5

use of consequences
reinforcement- increases the likelihood of the behavior
punishment- decreases the likelihood of the behavior

Question 6

Define encoding

Answer 6

the process of putting new information into memory

can be visual, acoustic, or semantic— semantic is the best

Question 7

Describe automatic processing

Answer 7

The information that is gained from your surroundings without work being done… ie making your way downtown walking fast…. you notice the temperature of outside, you know which way you are going and you have a route planned, you take everything in around you, most of this is automatic

Question 8

Describe the self reference effect

Answer 8

If you are able to make something relevant to your life, you will remember it better

Question 9

Describe maintenance rehearsal

Answer 9

repetition of a piece of information to keep it within working memory or sort or long term memory

Question 10

Describe the method of loci

Answer 10

placing memories in a building that the person has already memorized; like a memory palace situation

Question 11

Describe the peg word system

Answer 11

associated numbers with items tat rhyme with the numbers or resemble them somehow

Question 12

Describe chunking

Answer 12

taking individual elements of a large list and groups them together

Question 13

Describe sensory memory

Answer 13

can happen in both echoic and iconic
echoic-auditory
iconic- visual

Question 14

Describe short term memory

Answer 14

fades quickly, usually in about 30 seconds without rehearsal; short term memories are housed in the hippocampus

people can usually only remember about 7 things

Question 15

Describe working memory

Answer 15

closely related to short term memory and is supported by the hippocampus, gotta put everything together and make your brain think about the information

this is what allows you to do simple math in your head

Question 16

Describe ling term memory

Answer 16

With enough rehearsal, memories can be placed in the long term category

2 types: implicit (non-declarative, skills) and explicit (declarative; require conscious recall)

Question 17

What are the two categories in which the explicit memories are able to be classified?

Answer 17

semantic and episodic

Question 18

Define priming in regards to memories

Answer 18

recall is aided by first being presented with a word or a phrase that is close to the semantic memory

Question 19

Describe context effects

Answer 19

It is a memory retrieval cue in which the memories are aided by being in the same place in which the material was learned… Ie Ricci, we do everything in ricci

Question 20

Describe state-dependent memory

Answer 20

If you learned something drunk, you will remember it better drunk and vice versa

Question 21

Describe the serial position effect

Answer 21

a retrieval cue that appears which learning list; people will remember the first and the last items that are on the lists which is known as the primacy and recency effects