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πš™πš‘πš’πšœπš’πš˜πš•πš˜πšπš’ 𝟸 : πš—πšŽπšžπš›πš˜πšœπšŒπš’πšŽπš—πšŒπšŽ > Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of learning?

A

β†’ Acquisition of new information

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2
Q

What is the definition of memory?

A

β†’ Retention of learned information

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3
Q

What is declarative memory and what part of the brain is responsible for it?

A

β†’ Facts and events

β†’ Hippocampus

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4
Q

What is non declarative memory and what part of the brain is responsible for it?

A

β†’ Procedural memory (motor skills, habits)

β†’ Striatum

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5
Q

What 2 things come under classical conditioning?

A

β†’ Skeletal musculature (cerebellum)

β†’ Emotional responses (amygdala)

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6
Q

What is working memory?

A

β†’ Temporary storage that lasts seconds

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7
Q

What is short-term memory?

A

β†’ Facts and events are stored in short-term memory

β†’ Subset are converted to long-term memories

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8
Q

What is long-term memory?

A

β†’ Recalled months or years later

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9
Q

Where can sensory information go?

A

β†’ Long or short-term memory

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10
Q

What are the functions of the pre frontal cortex?

A

β†’ Self awareness

β†’ Capacity for planning and problem solving

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11
Q

Describe the delayed response task?

A

β†’ place food in one of two wells
β†’ put a screen between the monkey and the wells
β†’ after a delay the screen is lifted
β†’ the monkey has to remember where the food is

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12
Q

What is associated with the visual cortex?

A

β†’ Lateral intraparietal cortex

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13
Q

What is an engram?

A

β†’ a collection of neurons that are responsible for the storage of a memory

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14
Q

What is the substrate where a memory is going to be stored?

A

β†’ A group of neurons that have reciprocal connections

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15
Q

Describe how an engram is formed

A

β†’ An external stimulus is presented
β†’ Activation of the cell assembly occurs
β†’ The combined activity creates a network that continues activation even after the stimulus has been removed
β†’This results in strengthening of certain connections between certain neurons
β†’ The strengthened connections of cell assembly contain the engram for the stimulus
β†’ even after learning partial stimuli lead to a whole representation of the stimulus

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16
Q

What is a Hebbian modification?

A

β†’ Strengthens the reciprocal connections between neurons that are activate at the same time

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17
Q

Where is the hippocampus located?

A

β†’ In the medial lobes

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18
Q

What kind of information comes to the hippocampus?

A

β†’ Sensory information

19
Q

What does the hippocampus do with the information it receives?

A

β†’ Sensory information comes in

β†’ It is sent to the cortical association areas

20
Q

What kind of tissues are capable of forming engrams?

A

β†’ Any neuronal tissue

21
Q

What is the output pathway of the hippocampus?

A

β†’ the fornix

22
Q

Where does the fornix output to?

A

β†’ The thalamus and the hypothalamus

23
Q

What does the thalamus act as?

A

β†’ The post office sorting room for the brain

24
Q

What does the hippocampus feed back to and why is this important?

A

β†’ Feeds back to the cortical areas

β†’ Important for consolidation

25
Q

Describe the pathway that sensory information takes

A

β†’ Sensory information goes to the cortical association areas
β†’ Parahippocampal and rhinal cortical areas
β†’ Hippocampus
β†’ Fornix
β†’ Hypothalamus and thalamus

26
Q

What is amnesia?

A

β†’ Serious loss of memory and/or ability to learn

27
Q

What are the 5 causes of amnesia?

A 
β†’ Concussion
β†’ Chronic alcoholism 
β†’ Encephalitis
β†’ Brain tumour
β†’ Stroke
28
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

β†’ Severe decrement in memories that they have before the trauma

29
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

β†’ Inability to form memories after the trauma

30
Q

What happened to Henry Molaison?

A

β†’ The surgeon removed his medial temporal lobes

β†’ lost the ability to make new long term memories

31
Q

Why was Henry Molaison able to learn new motor skills?

A

β†’ Hippocampus was removed - declarative memory

β†’ his non declarative memory - striatum - was still intact

32
Q

How does a Morris water maze work?

A

β†’ Submerged platform in a wading pool
β†’ let mouse find the platform
β†’ make the water cloudy
β†’ let mouse find the platform again

33
Q

When do place cells fire?

A

β†’ When animals are in certain areas

34
Q

What are the 2 models of memory consolidation?

A

β†’ Standard model

β†’ multiple trace model

35
Q

What is the standard model of memory consolidation?

A

β†’ Information from neocortex areas associated with sensory systems are sent to the medial temporal lobe for processing
β†’ synaptic consolidation - within the hippocampus
β†’ post consolidation - the hippocampus is not necessary

36
Q

What is the multiple trace model?

A

β†’ Hippocampal involvement is continued
β†’ multiple memory traces
β†’ Pathways can be continually modulated by continued experience

37
Q

What is synaptic plasticity?

A

β†’ Biological process by which specific patterns of synaptic activity results in changes in synaptic strength

38
Q

What does the model of distributed memory show?

A

β†’ Instead of three individual responses by three different neurons when you see 3 faces
β†’ there are changes in all 3 neurons when you see 1 face

39
Q

Describe the trisynaptic circuit?

A

β†’ Input from the entorhinal cortex next to the hippocampus
β†’ this comes into the perforant pathway
β†’ synapse onto granule cells
β†’ Granule cells synapse further onto Schaffer collaterals
β†’ they synapse onto CA1 pyramidal neurons

40
Q

What kind of stimulation is needed for long term potentiation?

A

β†’ High frequency rapid stimulation

41
Q

What receptors are located on the CA1 neurons?

A

β†’ Glutamate

β†’ NMDA and AMPA

42
Q

Describe how long term potentiation works in CA1 neurons?

A 
β†’ AMPA receptors get stimulated 
β†’ CA1 neurons gets depolarised 
β†’ NMDA receptors open 
β†’ Ca2+ floods in 
β†’ Calmodulin kinases are activated
β†’ AMPA responsivity is increased 
β†’ more AMPA receptors added onto the post - synaptic membrane (CA1).
β†’ more responsive CA1
43
Q

What are the physiological changes in the dendrites after long term potentiation?

A

β†’ They swell because there are more receptors

πš™πš‘πš’πšœπš’πš˜πš•πš˜πšπš’ 𝟸 : πš—πšŽπšžπš›πš˜πšœπšŒπš’πšŽπš—πšŒπšŽ (21 decks)

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