Learning and Memory Flashcards
Who is the philosopher who argued that memory depended on the formation of “linkage” or “associations” between pairs of events, sensations or ideas, so that recalling or experiencing one member of the pair elicits a memory.
Aristotle
Who was the philosopher and later theorist who focus on empiricism( Which holds that all ideas we have are the result of experience)
Aristotle and later John Locke
Who were the philosophers and theorists who supported Nativism (A philosophical school of thought that holds that the bulk of knowledge is inborn (or native)
Immanual Kant, later Jerry Fodor, Noam Chomsky and Steven Pinker
Who was the philsopher who founded the theory of dualism? what is Dualism?
Descartes founded Dualism which is a theory which adapts the principle that the mind and body exist as separate entities, each with different characteristics and governed by its own law
What did Hermann Ebbinghaus do to contribute to the research and theories on memory.
Hermann Ebbinghaus was the first to conduct rigorous experimental studies on human memory. Ebbinghaus also created the retention curve which was used to indicate the loss of memory over time.
What theory and experiment did Ivan Pavlov create?
Ivan Pavlov was the founder for classical conditioning which is type of learning whereby an organism learns to respond with a conditioned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has been repeatedly presented along with an unconditioned response. Pavlov was able to prove this through the use of dogs and utilisation of the presence of food to make the dogs salivate.
What is generalisation?
Generalisation is the transfer of past learning to novel events and problems.
What is extinction in the context of classical conditioning?
Extinction is the process of reducing a learned response to a stimulus by ceasing to par that stimulus with a reward or punishment.
What theory did Edward Thorndike create? and explain this theory.
Edward Thorndike was the founder of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is believed to be the process whereby organisms learn to make responses in order to obtain or avoid important consequences. Thorndike explained this as being instrumental learning.
What is the Law of Effect?
The law of effect was an observation made by Edward Thorndike that the probability of a particular behavioural response increases or decreases depending on the consequences that have followed that response in the past.
What is Behaviourism and who founded this theory?
Behaviourism was founded by John Watson and is a school of thought that argues that psychology should restrict itself to a study of observable behaviours and not seek to infer unobservable mental processes.
What was the work done by Clark-Hull?
Clark-Hull created mathematical models of learning which used equations to interpret conditioning models.
Who created radical behaviourism and what does it entail?
Radical Behaviourism was founded by B.F Skinner. It is a extreme form of behaviourism, holding that consciousness and free will are illusions and that even so called higher cognitive functions are merely complex sets of stimulus response escalations.
Who founded Neo-Behaviourism and created cognitive maps?
Edward Tolman was the founder and creater or neo-behaviourism and cognitive map.s Tolman believed that learning was lateral in that is is undetected and that it could not be explained simply through observations.
Who extended on Hull’S Mathematical model?
W.K Estes built on Hull’s mathematical model by using this method to indicate that a single stimulus is a collection of multiple possible elements where each of these have a small sample feature or component.
Who was the founder of Information Theory? what does it entail?
George Miller founded the Information theory. This theory is a mathematical theory of communication that provides a precise measure of how much information is contained based not on just the message itself but also on the listeners prior knowledge.
Who was the founder of the connectionist model and what does the model entail?
The connectionist model was founded by David Rumelhart. The model entails networks of uniform and unlabelled connections between simple processing unit called nodes.
Who created the Associationism model and what does the model entail?
William James created the Associationism model. It is a memory model which regards simple association or co-occurence of ideas or sensations as the primary basis of meaning, thought and learning.
Who is H.G Mollison, and what occured in this study?
H.G Mollison (H M) had suffered severe amnesia caused from extensive damage to his medial temporal lobes. The study of H M’s Brain had shown what the implications of this damage was and that the result was that he could not transfer between working memory to long term.
What occurs when you retrieve more cues for your memory?
This results in a better recall rate
What is Episodic Memory?
Episodic Memory for specific autobiographical events such as information about the spatial and temporal contexts in which the event occured.
What is Semantic Memory?
Semantic Memory is memory for facts or general knowledge about the world; including personal information.
What are the differences and similarities between semantic and episodic memory?
Both types of memory are declarative and explicit however episodic memories are very specific and semantic are always factual.
What is Non-Declarative Memory?
Non-Declarative Memory is a broad class of memory that includes skill memory and other types of learning.
