Learning & Behavior Flashcards
Respondent conditioning
Classical conditioning
Pavlovian conditioning
Classical conditioning
Stimulus-response conditioning
Classical conditioning
John Watson
Little Albert
Unconditioned reflex
unconditioned stimulus → unconditioned response
Conditioned reflex
conditioned stimulus → conditioned response
Neutral stimulus
stimulus that naturally evokes no response
Delay conditioning
CS precedes US by short interval and then overlaps US; standard pairing for conditioning
Trace conditioning
CS precedes US and stops right before US
Temporal conditioning
US presented at consistent time interval (time becomes CS)
Stimulus conditioning
NS and US completely overlap; no learning or conditioning takes place because no contingency
Backward conditioning
US precedes NS; no learning or conditioning takes place because no contingency
Stimulus generalization
automatically generalizes from a conditioned stimulus (CS) to other similar neutral stimuli; same as mediated generalization
Mediated generalization
automatically generalizes from a conditioned stimulus (CS) to other similar neutral stimuli; same as stimulus generalization
Higher order conditioning
deliberate process in which a CS is paired with an unrelated NS until NS becomes a CS and also elicits CR
Includes second order conditioning, third order conditioning
Impossible beyond third level
Classical extinction
repeatedly presenting CS without US, eventually extinguishing CR
Spontaneous recovery
CR to CS briefly reappears following rest period during extinction trials
Stimulus discrimination
learns to distinguish between two NS based on which is paired with US
Experimental neurosis
if stimulus discrimination is made too difficult, animal will become agitated; no longer able to discriminate previously learned discrimination
Pseudoconditioning
NS that was not deliberately paired with US or CS comes to elicit CR (e.g., light turned on in room)
Habituation
Less responsive to US after repeated exposure, no longer elicits UR
Always involves US, not CS
Not possible with all US (e.g., electric shock)
Blocking
Occurs when an association between a CS and a US has been made and, subsequently, the presence of the CS blocks an association being made between a new neutral stimulus and the US when the CS and the new neutral stimulus are presented together prior to the US
Overshadowing
when two or more more stimuli are present, and one stimulus produces a stronger response than the other because it is more relevant or salient; Overshadowing is the finding that learning about a cue (referred to as X) is reduced when that cue is always accompanied by a second cue (referred to as A) during the learning phase (AX)
Reciprocal inhibition
a technique in behavior therapy that aims to replace an undesired response (e.g., anxiety) with a desired one by counterconditioning. It relies on the gradual substitution of a response that is incompatible with the original one and is potent enough to neutralize the anxiety-evoking power of the stimulus. See also systematic desensitization. [devised by Joseph Wolpe]
