Flashcards in Learning from mistakes Deck (24):
1
coproduct vs byproduct
coproducts are formed in the main reaction along with the desired product. byproducts are formed in unwanted side reactions.
2
sulfonate vs sulfonyl
sulfonate is charged (SO3-)
sulfonyl is not charged (SO3H)
3
solubility of Pb2+ salts
all insoluble and a white ppt apart from lead iodide, which is bright yellow, and lead nitrate, which is soluble.
4
effect of changing pressure on Kc
no change in the size of Kc
5
equation for the formation of the electrophile in nitration
2 H2SO4 + HNO3 => H3O+ + NO2+ + 2 HSO4-
6
how to obtain a pure sample of an organic solid from a reaction mixture
filter then recrystallise
7
is concentrated or dilute sulphuric acid required for esterification/
concentrated
8
why is a diphenol more reactive than benzene so doesn't require a catalyst (for friedel craft's alkylation)
lone pairs of electrons from the OH groups become delocalised into the pi system, increasing electron density and making the diphenol more susceptible to electrophilic attack.
9
naming a carboxylic acid alkene
-enoic acid
10
3 methods for usefully processing waste polymers
- recycling
- combustion for energy production
- use as organic feedstock for plastic production
11
method for distillation and purification of an organic liquid
- shake and leave to settle in separating funnel
- separate layers by tapping off
- add a small amount of anhydrous sodium sulphate to the organic layer in a dry conical flask, then filter
- distil the organic layer, collect the fraction below and up to the boiling point of the liquid.
12
why may the theoretical yield for a reaction not be obtained? (5)
Loss of product from reaction vessels
Side reactions occurring
Impurities in reactants
Changes in temp and pressure
Reaction is an equilibrium system
13
solubility of nitrates
all nitrates are soluble
14
which cations always form soluble salts
Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+
15
solubility of Na+, Li+ and K+ salts
always soluble
16
solubility of sulphate salts
Ca2+, Ba2+ and Pb2+ all form white precipitates, the rest are soluble
17
solubility of hydroxide salts
groups 1 and 2 are soluble, the rest are insoluble. solubility of group 2 hydroxides increases down the group
18
solubility of carbonate salts
Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+ are all soluble
the rest are insoluble:
Ca2+, Ba2+, Fe2+, Pb2+, Zn2+ and Al3+ are all white.
Ag+ is yellow
Cu+ is blue-green
19
solubility of lead (Pb2+) salts
all insoluble except for the nitrate
all white except for lead iodide, which is yellow
20
solubility of ammonium salts
all soluble
21
solubility of chloride salts
all soluble except for AgCl - white, and PbCl2 - white
22
solubility of bromide salts
all soluble except for AgBr - cream, and PbBr2 - white
23
solubility of iodide salts
all soluble except for AgI - pale yellow, and PbI - bright yellow
24