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Science Term 1 2025: Biology > Learning Intention 3 & 4 > Flashcards

Learning Intention 3 & 4 Flashcards

Mitsosis, meoisis and DNA replication (62 cards)

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1
Q

What is mitosis

A

production of somatic cells

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2
Q

What is meoisis

A

production of gamete cells

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3
Q

What are somatic cells

A

non-sex cells

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4
Q

What are gamete cells

A

sex cells

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5
Q

Example of somatic cells

A

hair and skin cells

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6
Q

Example of gamete cells

A

sperm and egg

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7
Q

What is DNA replication

A

when the cell makes another copy of the DNA

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8
Q

How long does the cell cycle usually take

A

18-22 hours

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9
Q

How long does mitosis take

A

around 1-2 hours

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10
Q

Four main phases of the cell cycle

A

-G1
-S
-G2
-Mitosis

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11
Q

What is the G1 phase

A

cell growth before DNA replication

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12
Q

What is the S phase

A

DNA replication phase

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13
Q

What is the G2 phase

A

when the DNA is checked for any errors and repairs are made if necessary

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14
Q

What happens in the mitosis phase

A

when division of the nucleus occurs

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15
Q

Parts of interphase

A

-G1
-S
-G2

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16
Q

Parts of mitosis

A

-mitosis
-cytokinesis

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17
Q

3 reasons as to why DNA needs to replicate

A
  • so that cells have the instructions to function
  • new cells have an exact copy of DNA
  • prevents errors and mutations
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18
Q

What does DNA carry

A

genetic information

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19
Q

What does every new cell need

A

a full set of genetic instructions

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20
Q

Why do parents pass their DNA to their children

A

to ensure herditary traits are carried from one generation to the next

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21
Q

What are enzymes

A

proteins that speed up DNA replication

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22
Q

Function of topoisomerase

A

prevents DNA from supercoiling

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23
Q

Function of helicase

A

breaks hydrogen bonds between bases in order to separate DNA strands

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24
Q

Function of primase

A

places primers to tell DNA polymerase where to start replicating

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25
Function of DNA polymerase
adds new complementary bases and proofreads for mistakes
26
Function of exonuclease
removes primers and replaces them with the correct DNA bases
27
Function of ligase
joins Okazaki frgaments on the lagging strand and seals any gaps
28
Steps of DNA replication
1. Topoisomerase prevents DNA from supercoiling 2. Helicase breaks hydrogen bonds 3. SSB proteins keep the strands apart 4. Primase places primers 5. DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides on the leading strand 6. Replication happens in short Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand 7. Exonuclease removes primers 8. DNA polymerase fills gaps with DNA 9. Ligase seals Okazaki fragments 10. DNA polymerase proofreads sequence 11. two identical semi-conservative strands are formed.
29
Why is DNA replication semi-conservative
because each new DNA molecule has one parent strand and one newly synthesised strand.
30
What is protein synthesis
the process where DNA instructions are used to build proteins
31
Daughter cell
a new cell produced after cell division
32
Heriditary traits
characteristics passed from parents to offspring, such as hair and eye colour
33
Mutations
mistakes or changes in the DNA, which can happen during replication
34
Syntehsised strand
the new DNA strand built by DNA polymerase
35
Genetic stability
DNA staying the same over generations because replication is highly accurate
36
RNA sequence
a short strand of RNA placed by primase
37
Complementary bases
the base pairing rule: -A goes with T -G goes with C
38
Okazaki fragments
DNA pieces made on the lagging strand during replication
39
Lagging strand
DNA strand that is built in fragments
40
Leading strand
DNA strand that is built continuously because it follows the unzipping direction
41
SSB proteins
Single-Stranded Binding Porteins that keep the strands apart during replication
42
5' to 3' direction
leading strand
43
3' to 5' direction
lagging strand
44
The four steps of Mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
45
What happens during prophase in Mitosis
- chromatin condenses into chromosomes - nuclear envelope begins to break down - spindle fibres start to form from the centrosomes
46
What happens during metaphase in Mitosis
- nuclear envelope is fully disolved - chromsomes align along the metpahse plate - spindle fibres attach to the centrometer of each chromosome
47
What happens during anaphase in Mitosis
- sister chromatids are seprataed by spindle fibres - each pole of the cell receives an identical set of chromosomes
48
What happens during telophase in Mitosis
- nuclear membranes reform around each set of chromosomes - chromosomes begin to uncoil back into chromatin - the cell now has two nuclei
49
What happens during cytokinesis in Mitosis
the cells cytoplasm divides into two identical separate daughter cells
50
The nine steps of meoisis
- prophase 1 - metaphase 1 - anaphase 1 - telophase 1 - cytokinesis - prophase 2 - metaphase 2 - anaphase 2 - telophase 2 and cytokinesis
51
What happens during prophase 1 in Meoisis
- chromsomes condense and thicken - homologous chromosomes pair up - chromosomes cross over and swap genetic information
52
What happens during metaphase 1 in Meoisis
- chromosomes line up in pairs in the middle of the cell
53
What happens during anaphase 1 in Meoisis
- homologous pairs are pulled apart by spindle fibres - sister chromatids stay together
54
What happens during telophase 1 in Meoisis
two new nuclei form
55
What happens during the first cytokinesis in Meoisis
the cell splits into two and interphase begins
56
What happens during prophase 2 in Meoisis
- chromosomes condense again - no homologous pairs and no crossing over
57
What happens during metaphase 2 in Meoisis
chromsomes line up in a single-file line in the middle
58
What happens during anaphase 2 in Meoisis
sister chromatids are pulled apart ro opposite sides of the cell
59
What happens during telphase 2 and cytokinesis in Meoisis
- four nuclei form - cells split and creat four unique gametes, each with half the number of chromsomes (23 in humans)
60
What is Meoisis
the process that creates gametes and leads to genetic variation
61
2 difference between Mitosis and Meoisis
- Mitosis is for somatic cells and Meoisis is for gamete cells - the number of chromosomes don't change in Mitosis, but they are divided in Meoisis
62
What are homologous pairs
chromosomes that are the same size and have the same type of genes

Science Term 1 2025: Biology (4 decks)

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