Learning: Operant Conditioning

Question 1

the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses

Answer 1

Operant Conditioning

Question 2

Operant conditioning is based on the research of?

Answer 2

Edward L. Thorndike and B.F. Skinner

Question 3

law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated

Answer 3

Law of Effect

Question 4

any behavior that is voluntary and not elicited by specific stimuli

Answer 4

Operant

Question 5

any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again

Answer 5

Reinforcement

Question 6

any events or objects that, when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occurring again

Answer 6

Reinforcers

Question 7

any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch

Answer 7

Primary Reinforcer

Question 8

any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

Answer 8

Secondary Reinforcer

Question 9

the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus

Answer 9

Positive Reinforcement

Question 10

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

Answer 10

Negative Reinforcement

Question 11

the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction

Answer 11

Partial Reinforcement Effect

Question 12

the reinforcement of each and every correct response

Answer 12

Continuous Reinforcement

Question 13

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same

Answer 13

Fixed Interval Schedule of Reinforcement

Question 14

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event

Answer 14

Variable Interval Schedule of Reinforcement

Question 15

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same

Answer 15

Fixed Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement

Question 16

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event

Answer 16

Variable Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement

Question 17

any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again

Answer 17

Punishment

Question 18

the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus

Answer 18

Punishment by Application

Question 19

the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus

Answer 19

Punishment by Removal

Question 20

any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement

Answer 20

Discriminative Stimulus

Question 21

the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior through successive approximations that lead to a desired, more complex behavior

Answer 21

Shaping

Question 22

tendency for an animal’s behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns

Answer 22

Instinctive Drift

Question 23

the use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior

Answer 23

Behavior Modification

Question 24

the use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges

Answer 24

Token Economy

Question 25

process wherein organism is being “removed” from any possibility of positive reinforcement in the form of attention

Answer 25

Time-Out

Question 26

modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response

Answer 26

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

Question 27

using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control

Answer 27

Biofeedback

Question 28

form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior

Answer 28

Neurofeedback