Learning Processes

Question 1

Learning is a more or less permanent modification of behavior which results from activity, special training, and observation

[learning in the objective of?]

Answer 1

Norman L. Munn

Question 2

Learning is a concept describing changes in behavior, which results from reinforced practice

Answer 2

David C. Edwards

Question 3

Learning is a relatively permanent change of behavior as the result of a practice

Answer 3

Ernest R. Hilgard and R. Atkinson

Question 4

3 common concepts to the definitions of learning

Answer 4

1. practice or past experiences
2. changes in behavior which are relatively permanent
3. the concept of reinforcement

Question 5

general definition of learning

Answer 5

Learning is a process which brings relatively permanent change in the individual’s way of responding or behavior as a result of practice and experience.

Question 6

3 factors of learning processes

Answer 6

1. teachers
2. students
3. learning environment

Question 7

7 steps in the learning process

Answer 7

1. Motivation
2. Goal
3. Readiness
4. Obstacle
5. Responses
6. Reinforcement
7. Generalization

Question 8

barrier that blocks our goals, in which its presence allows an individual to learn new modes of adjustments

Answer 8

obstacle

Question 9

obstacles may be:

Answer 9

• Social
• Nonsocial
• Personal
• Internal

Question 10

The application of what one has learned into an integrated response.

Answer 10

generalization

Question 11

Behavior being purposive, is oriented towards a goal.

Answer 11

goal

Question 12

this depends on training, experience, and heredity

Answer 12

readiness

Question 13

3 factors that affects readiness

Answer 13

• Physiological Factors
• Psychological Factors
• Experiential Factors

Question 14

Response to any particular stimulus will be directly proportional to the relative strength of his motive to reduce his tension associated with the unsatisfied need.

Answer 14

Motivation

Question 15

Varied according to one’s interpretation of the situation

Answer 15

responses

Question 16

2 categories of responses

Answer 16

• Direct Attack
• Manner of circumventing or
  “going around the bush”

Question 17

The strengthening of response by adding an increment of habit strength

Answer 17

reinforcement

Question 18

responses are reinforced if they ____

Answer 18

satisfy one’s needs

Question 19

2 major classification of learning and its types

Answer 19

● Associative learning
● Cognitive Learning

Question 20

method or process wherein the learner associates a certain response to an object or a stimulus resulting in a positive or negative outcome. It links ideas to continually reinforce one another.

Answer 20

associative learning

Question 21

4 types of associative learning

Answer 21

• Classical Conditioning (stimulus
  substitution)
• Operant Conditioning
• Escape and Avoidance Learning
• Multiple-response Learning

Question 22

in associative learning, behavior is learned through ______

Answer 22

habit formation

Question 23

type of passive learning with the method of substituting another stimulus for an original one to elicit a response

Answer 23

classical conditioning

Question 24

type of active learning where the organisms must “operate on” or do something to the environment in order to produce a result

Answer 24

operant conditioning

Question 25

Uses negative rather than positive types of reinforcement

Answer 25

escape and avoidance learning

Question 26

this learning is the simplest form

Answer 26

classical conditioning

Question 27

to get away from or to eliminate an unpleasant situation.

Answer 27

escape learning

Question 28

learning to avoid or prevent an unpleasant situation before its occurrence

Answer 28

avoidance learning

Question 29

learning involving more than one identifiable act, with the order of events usually fixed by the demands of the situation

Answer 29

multiple-response learning

Question 30

in multiple-response learning, the learner should acquire ____ in mastering a task

Answer 30

patterns or sequences of responses

Question 31

learning which involves perception and knowledge—cognitive processes necessary in order to learn with understanding.

Answer 31

cognitive learning

Question 32

4 types of cognitive learning

Answer 32

- Perceptual learning - Sign Learning - Programmed Learning - Social Cognitive Learning

Question 33

"a solution to a problem suddenly appears, resulting in a change in perception wherein the learner comes to know something about a stimulus situation that he did not know before"

Answer 33

perceptual learning / insight learning

Question 34

proponent of perceptual learning / insight learning

Answer 34

Wolfgang Kohler

Question 35

- Involves the perception of a stimulus that gives rise to the expectation that if a particular kind of behavior follows the perceived stimulus, another stimulus would appear. - It is learning "what leads to what"

Answer 35

sign learning

Question 36

- A method of self-instruction consisting of frames (a series of short steps) and responses. - You work at your own rate.

Answer 36

programmed learning

Question 37

Brings together the behaviorist and cognitive principles by focusing on human learning as a continuous interaction between the individual and the social environment in which he/she lives

Answer 37

social cognitive learning

Question 38

proponent of social cognitive learning

Answer 38

Albert Bandura

Question 39

3 laws of learning

Answer 39

1. The Law of Readiness 2. The Law of Exercise 3. The Law of Effect

Question 40

who postulated the "Laws of Learning"

Answer 40

Edward Thorndike

Question 41

this is universally accepted and applied to all kinds of learning.

Answer 41

laws of learning

Question 42

the law of readiness is also called the ____

Answer 42

“Law of Action Tendency”

Question 43

- responses preceded by readiness are more satisfying than otherwise - primary law of learning

Answer 43

law of readiness

Question 44

2 sub-laws of law of readiness

Answer 44

- Law of Mind-set - Law of Apperception (Herbart)

Question 45

this sub-law of the law of readiness pertains to the recognition of relationships between what is presented and existing body of knowledge

Answer 45

law of apperception

Question 46

this sub-law of the law of readiness has reference to the mental set of the learner at the time that the response is to be made

Answer 46

law of mindset

Question 47

law suggesting that the more a person practices something, the better he or she is able to retain that knowledge

Answer 47

law of exercise

Question 48

"practice makes perfect"

Answer 48

law of exercise

Question 49

5 sub-laws of the law of exercise

Answer 49

1. Law of Association (Kant) 2. Law of Use and Disuse (Gates) 3. Law of Frequency and Recency (Watson) 4. Law of Intensity (Carr) 5. Law of Forgetting (Ebbinghaus)

Question 49

5 sub-laws of the law of exercise

Answer 49

1. Law of Association (Kant) 2. Law of Use and Disuse (Gates) 3. Law of Frequency and Recency (Watson) 4. Law of Intensity (Carr) 5. Law of Forgetting (Ebbinghaus)

Question 49

5 sub-laws of the law of exercise

Answer 49

1. Law of Association (Kant) 2. Law of Use and Disuse (Gates) 3. Law of Frequency and Recency (Watson) 4. Law of Intensity (Carr) 5. Law of Forgetting (Ebbinghaus)

Question 50

5 sub-laws of the law of exercise

Answer 50

1. Law of Association (Kant) 2. Law of Use and Disuse (Gates) 3. Law of Frequency and Recency (Watson) 4. Law of Intensity (Carr) 5. Law of Forgetting (Ebbinghaus)

Question 51

sub-law of the law of exercise wherein: the strength of any behavior or experience has a corresponding relation to learning

Answer 51

law of intensity (carr)

Question 52

sub-law of the law of exercise wherein: an association which is practiced or used will be strengthened; not practiced or not used is weakened

Answer 52

law of use and disuse

Question 53

sub-law of the law of exercise wherein: related to the law of disuse; the ability to reproduce or recollect what has been previously learned is in direct proportion to the opportunities to use

Answer 53

law of forgetting (ebbinghouse)

Question 54

sub-law of the law of exercise wherein: learning occurs through the connection or functional relationships between two psychological phenomena established through experience or learning

Answer 54

law of association (Kant)

Question 55

sub-law of the law of exercise wherein: the more an act of association is practiced, the more rapid the learning

Answer 55

law of frequency and recency (watson)

Question 56

law in which responses are followed by satisfying aftereffects tend to be learned and repeated

Answer 56

law of effect

Question 57

2 sub-laws of the law of effect

Answer 57

1. law of primacy 2. law of belongingness

Question 58

this sub-law of the law of effect suggests that acts or impressions first will be better remembered than acts or impressions learned later

Answer 58

law of primacy

Question 59

sub-law of the law of effect wherein associations are easily formed if they belong into a unified frame of reference

Answer 59

law of belongingness

Question 60

4 theories of learning processes

Answer 60

1. connectionism 2. behaviorism 3. functionalism 4. gestalt / field theory

Question 61

assumes that through conditioning, specific responses come to be linked with specific stimuli

Answer 61

connectionism / s-r bond theory

Question 62

- learning is a process of building conditioned reflexes through the substitution of one stimulus for another - denies the existence of instincts or inborn tendencies

Answer 62

behaviorism

Question 62

learning takes place through the reorganization of old terms permitting one to grasp-significant relationships in the new problem

Answer 62

gestalt / field theory

Question 62

behavior and mental processes are adaptive (functional)

Answer 62

functionalism