Learning Psych Flashcards
(35 cards)
Extinction
Producing a reduction and eventual disappearance of the CR which involves repeatedly presenting the CS WITHOUT THE US.
Ex: bell presented with no food :( at the end, the bell is presented and the dog does not salivate
Acquistion of Classical Conditioning
subject first experiences a series of CS-US pairings and during which the CR gradually appears and increases in strength
Spontaneous Recovery
reappearance of the CR and is treated as PROOF that the CS-US association is not permanently destroyed in an extinction procedure
Inhibition
after EXTINCTION the effects of the excitatory and inhibitory associations cancel out so that the US is no longer activated by the presence of the CS. But inhibitory associations are more weakened by the passage of time
Disinhibition
when a novel stimulus is presented, a CR may occur. The distracting stimulus disrupts the fragile inhibition that occurs during extinction
EX: when a bell no longer produces salivation BUT if a novel stimulus like a buzzer is presented before the bell, the bell may elicit salivation
Rapid Reacquisition
the rate of learning is substantially faster. The speed of reacquisition is probably due to spontaneous recovery
Pavlov’s Stimulus Substitution Theory
repeated pairing between CS and US, the CS becomes a substitute for the US so that the response initially elicited by the US is not elicited by the CS
EX: US = food and CS= bell
S-S and S-R Associations
S-S: US and CS association
S-R: CS –> CR
Higher Order Conditioning
a CR is transferred from one CS to another
EX: CS= tone, CR=salivation
Phase 2:
black square + tone but no food
after a few trials, the black square begins eliciting salivation even though it wasnt directly paired with food
Rescorta’s Devaluation and Revaluation
- relies on habituation
- devaluation: the decrease in the effectiveness of the US after an excitatory CS
Sensory Preconditioning
-
Conditioned Inhibition
CS prevents the occurrence of the CR
EX: CS (buzzer) + food =CR (salivation)
Second Phase: CS (buzzer and light) but NO food
Results: Dog salivates in phase one but not in phase 2
Retardation Test
Part of conditioned inhibition
Tests for the inhibitory properties of the CS
Summation Tests
- Part of conditioned inhibition
- procedure of the combined effects of a known excitatory CS and a possible inhibitory CS
Latent Inhibition/CS pre-exposure effect
-Familiarity with the CS makes the subsquent conditioning procedures less effective
EX: if an animal learns not to consider previously non-predictive stimuli when looking for a predictor of some significant event
Sensitization
increased responsiveness to ANY stimulus after the presentation of a strong US
Generalization
the transfer of effects of conditioning to other stimuli
EX: little girl calls all men her daddy
Discrimination
a subject learned to respond only to one stimulus and not the other
Conditioning of the immune System
Ader and Cohen study on the classical conditioning of the immune system. The body can be conditioned so that it is not able to fight off foreign cells
Little Albert
Conditioned a little kid to be afraid of a little white rat
-WATSON you son of a bitch
Systematic Desensitization
treatment to phobia, The gradual exposure to the phobic object
Drug Tolerance, Withdrawal, and Paradoxical Overdose
- Tolerance: the decrease in the effectiveness of a drug with repeated use
- Withdrawal: unpleasant symptoms when we do not use the drug
- Paradoxical Overdose: people can use the same amount of drugs as they usually do, but if it is not in the same context (room that they usually use the drug), they can overdose
Opponent-Process Theory (applied to habituation)
a-process:
Sometimes Opponent Process (SOP)
CR will mimic the UR in monophasic but it will be the opposite if it is biphasic.
EX: heart rate UR to a shock is biphasic because heart rate increases when shocked but decreases below baseline when the shock is gone causing a rebound effect
