LEARNING THEORIES

Question 1

Are concepts and propositions that
explain why people learn and
predict what circumstances they will
learn

Answer 1

Learning Theories

Question 2

– Behaviorist Theories
– Cognitive Theories
– Social Learning Theories

Answer 2

Major Learning Theories

Question 3

Earliest formal theories for learning, used
for children
Focused on studying thoughts and
feelings, fears and phobia

Answer 3

Behaviorist Theories

Question 4

Defined behavior as a muscle movement
-began studying behaviour because it is
more objective.

Answer 4

John Watson

Question 5

-Contiguity theory
-Believed that even a skill such as walking
is learned through a series of conditioned
responses.

Answer 5

Watson and Guthrie

Question 6

reinforcement theory
- proposed that stimulus-response bonds
are strengthened by reinforcements such
as reward or punishment.

Answer 6

.Thorndike and Skinner

Question 7

study of how our brains work in the
process of perceiving, thinking,
remembering and learning

Answer 7

Cognitive Science

Question 8

sometimes used to describe a subset of this field of study.
Explains the way that information is handled once it enters the
sensed and how it is organized and stored.

Answer 8

Information Processing

Question 9

active process in which the learner constructs meaning basedon prior knowledge and view of the world

Answer 9

Learning in cognitive perspective

Question 10

Learning is a process whereby the novice becomes expert

Answer 10

Breur

Question 11

An active process which the learner constructs meaning based on prior knowledge and view of the world

Answer 11

Feden, 1994

Question 12

– Developed earliest model of cognitive learning
– The Subsumption Theory of Meaningful Verbal Learning
– New information is subsumed into existing thought and memory
structures
– Meaningful learning is thought to occur only if existing cognitive
structures are organized and differentiated.
– Repetition of meaningful material and its use in various contexts
would enhance the retention of the material

Answer 12

Ausubel, 1963

Question 13

– Concept of schema or schemata
– “ all knowledge is packaged into units. These units are schemata.”

Answer 13

Rumelhart, 1980

Question 14

knowledge structures that store concepts, and the knowledge of how to use them in memory

Answer 14

Schemata

Question 15

Accretion, Tuning (schema evolution), and Restructuring (schema creation)

Answer 15

3 Kinds of Learning Based on Schema Theory

Question 16

– The learning of facts
– New information is added to existing schemata
– No changes are made to existing knowledge

Answer 16

Accretion

Question 17

Existing schema evolve or refined throughout the lifespan as
new situations and issues are encountered

Answer 17

Tuning (schema evolution)

Question 18

Development if new schemata by copying an old schema and adding new elements that are different to create a new
schema

Answer 18

Restructuring (schema creation)

Question 19

Information is processed sequentially, from perception to attention- to labelling and meaning

Answer 19

Level of Processing Theory

Question 20

Information is processed by different parts of the memory system simultaneously rather than sequential

Answer 20

The Parallel Distributing Model

Question 21

The information is stored in any places throughout the brain, forming network of connections

Answer 21

Connectionistic Model

Question 22

– Relates to memory activity
– Information is both processed and stored in 3 stages: Sensory,
Short-Term Memory and Long-Term Memory

Answer 22

Stage Theory of Information Processing

Question 23

Fleeting or passing swiftly

Answer 23

Sensory Memory

Question 24

– Needs interest
– Retain indefinitely if rehearsed or
meaningful to us

Answer 24

Short-Term Memory

Question 25

Use of mnemonic device

Answer 25

Long-Term Memory

Question 26

requisition of knowledge an skills that changes a person’s behavior

Answer 26

Behaviorist

Question 27

focuses more on the acquisition of knowledge than on the resulting behavior

Answer 27

Cognitive theorists

Question 28

Domain-Specific Learning

Answer 28

Feden

Question 29

 Sometimes defined as “thinking about one’s thinking  A process that learners use to gauge or measure their thinking while reading, studying or problem-solving  To know what they know and what they do not know  Journal writing, group dialogue, problem-based learning, rationalization of test questions

Answer 29

Metacognition

Question 30

 Sensory, short term and long term  Consolidation  Chunking: information is clustered into patterns

Answer 30

Memory

Question 31

 Ability to take information learned in one situation and apply it to another  Concepts and principles are used or adopted not just to one particular situation but to all other situations as well  Successful transfer depends on several factor

Answer 31

Transfer

Question 32

– The extent to which the material was originally learned – The ability to retrieve information from memory – The way in which the material was taught and learned – The similarity of the new situation to original

Answer 32

Successful transfer depends on several factors

Question 33

Albert Bandura (1977) * Observational Learning Theory

Answer 33

Social Learning Theories

Question 34

Explains that behaviour is the result of an interaction among the person (characteristics, personality etc.) to the environment (physical, social etc) and the behaviour itself. * People learn as they are in constant interaction with their environment

Answer 34

* Observational Learning Theory

Question 35

a. Modelling b. Attentional processes c. Retention Processes d. Motivation

Answer 35

Key components of Observational Learning Theory

Question 36

Learning occurs as a result of observing other people’s behavior and its consequences

Answer 36

Modelling

Question 37

This determines which modelled behavior will be learned

Answer 37

Attentional Processes

Question 38

Refer to the ability to retain modelled behaviors in permanent memory

Answer 38

Retention Processes

Question 39

through valued outcomes (rewards) rather punishing outcomes – Perceived reward is a good motivator

Answer 39

Motivation

Question 40

1, Signal Learning (conditioned response) 2. Stimulus-Response Learning 3. Chaining 4. Verbal Association 5.Discrimination Learning 6. Concept Learning 7. Rule learning 8. Problem solving

Answer 40

8 Types of Learning Gagne’s Conditions of Leaning

Question 41

– Simplest level of learning – Person develops a general diffuse reaction to a stimulus

Answer 41

Signal Learning

Question 42

Developing a voluntary response to a specific stimulus or combination of stimuli

Answer 42

Stimulus-Response Learning

Question 43

Acquisition of a series of related conditioned responses or stimulus-response connections

Answer 43

Chaining

Question 44

– Type of chaining – Process of learning medical terminology

Answer 44

Verbal Association

Question 44

– Type of chaining – Process of learning medical terminology

Answer 44

Verbal Association

Question 45

– The more new chains that are learned, the easier it is to forget previous chains – To retain large number of chains, you need to discriminate among them

Answer 45

Discrimination Learning

Question 46

Learning how to classify stimuli into groups represented by a common concept

Answer 46

Concept Learning

Question 47

Rule: chain of concepts or a relationship between concepts – Expressed as “If.... And then ..” relationships

Answer 47

Rule learning

Question 48

– Highest level of learning – Applying previously learned rules that relate to situation – Process of formulating and testing hypotheses

Answer 48

Problem solving