learning theories

Question 1

what is classical conditioning

Answer 1

learning through association

Question 2

what is an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 2

stimulus that elicits a response naturally

Question 3

what is a neutral stimulus

Answer 3

stimulus that doesn’t produce a response

Question 4

what is an unconditioned response

Answer 4

A response that naturally occurs with out prior learning

Question 5

what is a conditioned stimulus

Answer 5

a NS that has been paired with an UCS to elicit a similar response

Question 6

what is delayed conditioning

Answer 6

present the CS followed immediately by UCS

Question 7

what is extinction

Answer 7

association between the CS and CR is broken

Question 8

what is generalisation

Answer 8

when the CR occurs to anything similar to the CS

Question 9

what is spontaneous recovery

Answer 9

when the phobia appears again, CS produces the CR

Question 10

what is discrimination

Answer 10

when the CR does not occur to similar other stimuli

Question 11

what is one-trial learning

Answer 11

a new behaviour can occur from a NS and UCS from one interaction

Question 12

what is operant conditioning

Answer 12

method of learning that uses rewards and punishments to modify behaviours

Question 13

what is a neutral operant

Answer 13

response from the environment that neither increases of decreases the probability of a behaviour being repeated

Question 14

what is a reinforcer

Answer 14

increase the probability of the behaviour being repeated again

Question 15

what is a punishment

Answer 15

decrease the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated

Question 16

summarise the Skinner box (1948)

Answer 16

inside the box there was a food despenser and a lever that the rat pressed in order to get food, he needed to press the lever to avoid the electric shock

Question 17

what is a positive reinforcer

Answer 17

occurs when we carry out what is desired we receive a reward

Question 18

what is a negative reinforcer

Answer 18

we carry out a behaviour to avoid negative consequence

Question 19

what is a primary reinforcer

Answer 19

when a reward strengthens a behaviour by fulfilling a biological need

Question 20

what is a secondary reinforcer

Answer 20

when a reward strengthens a behaviour because it leads to a primary reinforcer

Question 21

what is a positive punishment

Answer 21

when something is given after an undesired behaviour is exhibited

Question 22

what is a negative reinforcer

Answer 22

when something is taken away that makes the behaviour less likely to reoccur

Question 23

what does contingent mean

Answer 23

there is a clear link between the person’s behaviour and the consequence it produces

Question 25

what is a continuous reinforcement

Answer 25

a reward is given every time the desired behaviour occurs

Question 26

what is a fixed interval reinforcement

Answer 26

an exact amount of time passes between each reinforcement

Question 27

what is a variable interval reinforcement

Answer 27

varying amount of time passes between each reinforcement

Question 28

what is a fixed ratio reinforcement

Answer 28

reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses

Question 29

what is a variable ratio reinforcement

Answer 29

reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses

Question 30

what is behaviour-modification shaping

Answer 30

instead of waiting for the desired to be exhibited you reward any behaviour leading to the target behaviour

Question 31

what does the social learning theory state

Answer 31

that behaviour is learnt through observation and modelling

Question 32

what are the 4 stages of social learning theory

Answer 32

attention retention motor reproduction motivation

Question 33

what is internal motivation

Answer 33

motivation that satisfies internally

Question 34

what is external motivation

Answer 34

someone praises the behaviour being exhibited

Question 35

what is vicarious learning

Answer 35

learning behaviour through other mistakes or sucesses

Question 36

what is vicarious reinforcement

Answer 36

seeing someone else rewarded for a behaviour and therefore you imitate it

Question 37

what is vicarious punishment

Answer 37

when we see someone have a negative consequence therefore you avoid the behaviour

Question 38

what is vicarious extinction

Answer 38

you notice that another person is no longer getting a reward so you stop performing an action

Question 39

what is self efficacy

Answer 39

the belief that you can repeat an action

Question 40

what does habituation mean

Answer 40

over a period of time your behaviour and sensory response diminishes after repeated exposure

Question 41

what does in vivo mean

Answer 41

real live exposure to the feared stimulus

Question 42

what does in vitro mean

Answer 42

imagination

Question 43

how many sessions long does systematic desensitisation take

Answer 43

4-6 sessions

Question 44

how does systematic desensitisation treat phobias

Answer 44

the phobia can be removed by teaching someone to relax when in contact with the phobia

Question 45

what does reciprocal inhibition mean

Answer 45

you cannot experience two competing emotions at the same time

Question 46

what are the 4 stages of systematic desensitisation

Answer 46

functional analysis construction of anxiety hierarchy relaxation training gradual exposure

Question 47

what is functional analysis comprise off (systematic desensitisation)

Answer 47

finding out the triggers that could elicit a phobic reaction from the client

Question 48

what is the 'construction of anxiety hierarchy' (systematic desensitisation)

Answer 48

ranking the least fearful situations to the most fearful situations

Question 49

give 2 examples of relaxation techniques

Answer 49

diaphratic exercises meditation

Question 50

what is gradual exposure (systematic desensitisation)

Answer 50

exposure to the phobia in stages using relaxation techniques and then can move to the next stage

Question 51

how can the social learning theory help with systematic desensitisation

Answer 51

by seeing a role model exhibit the relaxation techniques around the fear, they are then encouraged

Question 52

what study supports systematic desensitisation

Answer 52

Capafons (1998)

Question 53

what does the treatment of flooding involve

Answer 53

no gradual exposure to the phobia

Question 54

what is stimulus satiation

Answer 54

the temporary loss of effectiveness of a reinforcer due to its repeated presentation

Question 55

how long is the flooding treatment

Answer 55

2-3 hours

Question 56

what is impolsion

Answer 56

exposed to description of the fear for 6-9 continuous hours

Question 57

what study supports flooding

Answer 57

Wolpe (1973) took a girl with a phobia of cars on a drive until she calmed down and reported that her fear was removed

Question 58

what are some side effects of flooding (2 factors)

Answer 58

anxiety panic attacks