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Facilitating Leaner Centeredness > Learning Theories (Behaviorism) > Flashcards

Learning Theories (Behaviorism) Flashcards

1
Q

set of conjectures and hypotheses that explain the process of learning or how learning takes place.

A

Learning Theories

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2
Q

There are three basic approaches while dealing with learning theories according to Akdeniz et.al. What are these?

A

Behaviorism (Behaviorist)
Cognitivist (Cognitivism)
Constructivism

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3
Q

depicts observable and measurable aspects of human behavior

A

Behaviorism / Associative Learning Theory Approach

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4
Q

According to this theory, all behaviors are directed as stimulus. Changes in behavior are evident and will result in stimulus-response association.

A

Behaviorism

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5
Q

This believes that behaviors can be measured, changed, and trained.

A

Behaviorism

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6
Q

This suggest that learners must be actively engaged and rewarded immediately for their involvement in the activity to achieve learning.

A

Behaviorism

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7
Q

Learning must be active and outright praise must be given to increase behavior.

A

Behaviorism

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8
Q

Who is the Father of Behaviorism and believed that behavior is prompted by a specific stimuli.

A

John B. Watson

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9
Q

He believed that behavior is controlled through positive and negative consequences.

A

Burrhus Frederick Skinner

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10
Q

Watson’s view of learning was influence by whom?

A

Pavlov

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11
Q

According to him, behavior is acquired through conditioning.

A

Pavlov

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12
Q

It is an established manner that occurs through interaction with the environment.

A

Conditioning

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13
Q

What are the two major types of conditioning?

A

Operant and Classical Conditioning

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14
Q

Beliefs of Behaviorist Approach

A
  • It operates on the principle of “Stimulus-response”
  • Behavior is observable and measurable
  • It prefers actual behavior as an indicator of learning.
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15
Q

Who is the proponent of Classical Conditioning?

A

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

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16
Q

This type of conditioning asserts that an individual learns when a previously neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus evokes conditioned response.

A

Classical Conditioning

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17
Q

What are the features of classical conditioning?

A

Neutral Stimulus, Unconditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Response, Conditioned Stimulus, and Conditioned Response

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18
Q

It produces emotional or physiological response.

A

Unconditioned Stimulus

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19
Q

It is the natural occurring emotional response.

A

Unconditioned Response

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20
Q

Produces emotional or physiological response after being conditioned.

A

Conditioned Stimulus

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21
Q

Learned response from a previously neutral condition.

A

Conditioned Response

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22
Q

It does not elicit any response.

A

Neutral Stimulus

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23
Q

What are the principles of Classical Conditioning?

A

Acquisition, Stimulus-Generalization, Stimulus-Discrimination, Extinction

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24
Q

It is the process by which conditioned response is acquired from the experience of another person.

A

Acquisition

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25
Q

A child learns to fear the dentist’s clinic by associating it with a painful tooth extraction that he or she has experienced. What is this?

A

Acquisition

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26
Q

It is the process by which a conditioned response is transferred to other stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus.

A

Stimulus-generalization

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27
Q

A child tends to be anxious in all instances in school because of the first-hand experience he or she has experienced with a terror teacher.

A

Stimulus-generalization

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28
Q

A process by which a conditioned response is transferred to other stimuli different from the original conditioned stimulus.

A

Stimulus-discrimination

29
Q

A child should be able to distinguish things that seem alike but are different (b from d, p from b or plus (+) sign from negative (-) sign). Otherwise, learning disabilities will occur. What is this?

A

Stimulus-discrimination

30
Q

A process by which conditioned response is lost.

A

Extinction

31
Q

The anxiousness of a child toward a terror teacher gradually vanishes if, in the succeeding days, he or she experiences pleasant treatment from the teacher. Otherwise, phobias will occur. What is this?

A

Extinction

32
Q

His theory only focuses on changes in behavior excluding any likelihood of any processes taking place on the mind.

A

Burrhus Frederic Skinner

33
Q

Based upon the notion that learning is a result of change in overt behavior.

A

Operant Conditioning.

34
Q

Changes in behavior are the results of an individual’s response to events that occur in the environment.

A

Operant Conditioning

35
Q

A _____ produces a consequences such as defining a word, hitting a ball, or solving a Math problem.

A

response

36
Q

The key element in Skinner’s S-R theory

A

Reinforcement

37
Q

Anything that strengthens a desired response.

A

Reinforcer

38
Q

This type of conditioning stresses out the use of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to control the occurrence of behavior.

A

Operant Conditioning

39
Q

_____ is the stimulus while ______ is the effect of the stimulus.

A

Reinforcer-Reinforcement

40
Q

What are the types of reinforcer?

A

Primary, Secondary, Positive, and Negative Reinforcer

41
Q

A stimulus that is related to both biological and physiological needs.

A

Primary Reinforcer

42
Q

A stimulus that reinforces a behavior that is previously associated with the primary reinforcer.

A

Secondary Reinforcer

43
Q

A stimulus is added to an event or situation to strengthen a behavior.

A

Positive reinforcer

44
Q

A stimulus is withdrawn to an event or situation to strengthen a behavior.

A

Negative reinforcer

45
Q

What are the schedules of reinforcement?

A

Fixed ratio, fixed interval, variable ratio, & variable interval

46
Q

This reinforcement is dispensed ff. the constant number of behavior.

A

Fixed ratio

47
Q

This reinforcement is dispensed ff. the constant amount of time.

A

Fixed interval

48
Q

This reinforcement is dispense ff. a varying amount of trials.

A

Variable ratio

49
Q

This reinforcement is dispensed ff. a varying amount of time.

A

Variable interval

50
Q

What are the types of reinforcement?

A

Verbal, physical, non-verbal, activity, consumable, token

51
Q

What are the principles of learning in operant conditioning?

A

Principles of contracts, reinforcement, consequences, extinction, and pre-mack principles or grandma rule

52
Q

Relevant behavior is identified then the teacher and the students will decide on the terms of the contract.

A

Principles of Contracts

53
Q

Consequences happen after the target behavior occured.

A

Principles of Consequences

54
Q

Negative reinforcement increases the probability of a behavior that removes or prevents an adverse condition.

A

Principles of Reinforcement

55
Q

Punishment involves presenting a strong stimulus that decrease the frequency of a behavior.

A

Principles of Extinction

56
Q

It is effective in eliminating undesirable behavior.

A

Punishment

57
Q

Less derived activities can be increased by looking at them to do more desired activities.

A

Premack principle or grandma rule

58
Q

Who is the proponent of connectionism?

A

Edward Lee Thorndike

59
Q

Learning is a result of associations forming between stimulus and response.

A

Connectionism

60
Q

Learning can be adequately explained without considering any unobservable internal states.

A

Connectionism

61
Q

Explains the probability that a behavior will happen again when followed by a positive experience.

A

Connectionism instrumental conditioning

62
Q

What are the principles of learning in connectionism?

A

Multiple responses, law of set and attitude, law of readiness, law of exercise, law of effect, and halo effect.

63
Q

Refers to the variety of responses

A

Multiple responses

64
Q

explains that instruction affects a given task

A

Law of set and attitude

65
Q

explains that interfering oral directed behavior is frustrating

A

Law of readiness

66
Q

learning by doing

A

law of exercise

67
Q

connections between stimulus and response is reinforced if they are used

A

law of use

68
Q

reward reinforces a behavior and punishment decreases its occurrence

A

law of effect

69
Q

this law describes the physical attractiveness stereotype and what is beautiful is good principles

A

halo effect

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