Learning theory

Question 1

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 1

Russian- classical conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning). Salivation in dogs

Question 2

John Watson

Answer 2

-Father of behaviorism
-American
-CC
-classical conditioning can explain all aspects of behavior
- baby Albert - pairing rat with loud noise

Question 3

Edward thorndike

Answer 3

-basis of learning relies on the association between stimulus and a response (action taken by animal)- called a connection
-most learning stems from trial and error
- problem box
- law of effect- strengthening or weakening of a connection, depending on the consequences
- good experiences increase likelihood of behavior
-bad experiences reduce likelihood
-foundation for the concept of operant conditioning

Question 4

Burrhus Frederick Skinner

Answer 4

• father of operant conditioning
  -Learning happens as the result of the causes of an action and it’s consequences
  -operant conditioning - action and consequence
  -introduces the term reinforcement

Question 5

David premack

Answer 5

-premack principle; animals more likely to do behaviors they enjoy than not enjoy.
-animal will perform lower probability behavior in order to perform the higher probability behavior

Question 6

Classical conditioning

Answer 6

Learning through association.

Question 7

Three stages of classical conditioning

Answer 7

1. Before conditioning- unconditioned stimulus (US) (food) and unconditioned response (UR or UCR) (natural response) - no learning has taken place yet
2. During conditioning - pairing neutral stimulus (NS) and Conditioned stimulus (CS)
3. After conditioning- UR becoming conditioned response (CR) - dog salivates at sound of bell
4. Second order conditioning- squeaky hinge to food cabinet predicts food bag rustle, predicts meal time

Question 8

Classical conditioning learning modes

Answer 8

1. Acquisition- timing is important
2. Extinction
3. Spontaneous recovery

Question 9

Extinction

Answer 9

Decrease in the conditioned response when CS is presented WITHOUT the US

Question 10

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 10

After extinction, if there is a period of rest, you can see old association come back

Question 11

Classical counterconditioning

Answer 11

-Change response to previously learned stimuli
-new conditioned emotional response

Question 12

Desensitization

Answer 12

-typically used with CC
-gradual exposure to stimulus
- dog stays under threshold

Question 13

Operant conditioning

Answer 13

-learning associations between behaviors and consequences
- thorndikes law of effect
-ABCs of learning

Question 14

Operant

Answer 14

Any behavior that operates on the environment to generate consequences

Question 15

Reinforcement

Answer 15

Increases behavior

Question 16

Punishment

Answer 16

Decreases behavior

Question 17

Positive

Answer 17

Stimulus is added

Question 18

Negative

Answer 18

Stimulus is removed

Question 19

Primary reinforcer

Answer 19

Anything that is biologically important to the survival of an animal- food, water, sleep, touch, pleasure, access to mates, going to the bathroom.
- also called unconditioned reinforcers

Question 20

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 20

Sound of a clicker

Question 21

Continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF)

Answer 21

For every correct response, a reward is given (most often used during acquisition)

Question 22

Intermittent reinforcement schedule

Answer 22

Not every correct response receives a reward

Question 23

Fixed interval (FI)

Answer 23

fixed amount of time between rewards. Leash productive and most likely to lead to extinction

Question 24

Variable interval (VI)

Answer 24

Changing, unfixed interval of time between reinforcement. Dog is rewarded for sit stay after random amount of time

Question 25

Interval

Answer 25

Has to do with amount of time

Question 26

Ratio

Answer 26

Has to do with the number of responses

Question 27

Fixed ratio

Answer 27

Dog is rewarded every third response

Question 28

Variable ratio

Answer 28

Dog performs rando number of times and then rewarded. Slot machine model

Question 29

Extinction

Answer 29

Disappearance of previously learned behavior. -reinforcement stops -learned behavior no longer displayed -in classical conditioning, conditioned reinforcer loses its value, in operant conditioning, the behavior loses its value

Question 30

Prompting

Answer 30

Lure, gently touching, Anything you use to back up your initial cue. Should be faded as soon as behavior is reliable

Question 31

OC: Stimulus control

Answer 31

-discriminations -generalization

Question 32

Classical vs operant conditioning

Answer 32

Classical- response is emotional or invountary physiological response Operant- response is voluntary. Learns that he quit has consequences. Dog has some control. Conscious voluntary action. -association vs. if I do x, the result will Be y

Question 33

Operant counter conditioning

Answer 33

Voluntary alternative behavior

Question 34

Desensitization

Answer 34

-form of non-associative learning -gradual exposure - animal learns to ignore stimulus

Question 35

Habituation

Answer 35

Form of non-associative learning where the dog gets used to or ignores a stimulus. Desensitization is a form of habituation. -doesn’t come with rewards or punishments

Question 36

Extinction

Answer 36

Similar to but not the same as negative punishment -dog gets no reward

Question 37

Learned irrelevance

Answer 37

-Dog stopped responding to previously learned stimulus or cue -

Question 38

Learned helplessness

Answer 38

Mental state that occurs after an animal is forced to experience repeated aversive stimuli -dog learns that have no control over avoiding aversive stimuli- dog gives up

Question 39

DifferentiL reinforcement

Answer 39

-DR of alternate behavior -DR of incompatible behavior -DR of other behavior (any other behavior) -DR of excellent behavior - start to nitpick. Sticking to specific criteria.

Question 40

Stimulus control

Answer 40

1. Dog offers behavior as soon as cue is given 2. Won’t offer when not cued 3. Won’t give in response to another cue 4. Won’t display another behavior for that cue

Question 41

Blocking

Answer 41

When a cue a dog already knows gets in his way of learning a new cue for same behavior. If presenting hand signal and verbal at the same time.

Question 42

Overshadowing

Answer 42

Similar to blocking. Body language is more salient- overshadows verbal cue

Question 43

Modeling/ molding

Answer 43

Physically manipulating the dog