learning theory

Question 1

classical conditioning

Answer 1

form of associative learning; when events occur closely together in time, they will often be associated with each other

Question 2

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 2

a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning

Question 3

unconditioned response (UCR)

Answer 3

an unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by ucs

Question 4

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 4

a previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the ucs

Question 5

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 5

the learned response to the cs that occurs after the cs-ucs pairings

Question 6

trial learning

Answer 6

something bad only has to happen once for you to pair the event with the bad outcome

Question 7

stimulus generalization

Answer 7

stimuli similar to the conditioned stimuli begin to produce the conditioned response

Question 8

extinction

Answer 8

the conditioned response is no longer present when presented with the stimuli

Question 9

spontaneous recovery

Answer 9

process where a conditioned response reoccurs after a long period when no conditioning had been taking place

Question 10

operant conditioning

Answer 10

A form of associative learning in which the consequence of a behavior changes the probability of that behavior recurring

Question 11

law of effect

Answer 11

behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and those followed by negative outcomes are weakened

Question 12

________________ always increases the probability of a behavior occurring again

Answer 12

reinforcement

Question 13

_____________ always decreases the probability of a behavior occurring again

Answer 13

punishment

Question 14

positive reinforcement

Answer 14

something rewarding is added

Question 15

negative reinforcement

Answer 15

something unpleasant is removed

Question 16

positive punishment

Answer 16

something unpleasant is added

Question 17

negative punishment

Answer 17

something rewarding is removed

Question 18

____________ tells you what to do, ____________ only tells you what not to do

Answer 18

reinforcement, punishment

Question 19

continuous reinforcement

Answer 19

reinforce every occurrence of the behavior
Learning & extinction both occur rapidly

Question 20

partial reinforcement

Answer 20

reinforces only some occurrences of the behavior
Learning occurs slowly, resistance to extinction

Question 21

what are the schedule types for partial reinforcement?

Answer 21

ratio & interval

Question 22

ratio reinforcement schedule

Answer 22

reinforced after fixed or variable number of behaviors

Question 23

interval reinforcement schedule

Answer 23

reinforced after fixed or variable amount of time

Question 24

a bonus every tenth sale is an example of what kind of reinforcement schedule?

Answer 24

fixed ratio

Question 25

slot machines are an example of what kind of reinforcement schedule?

Answer 25

variable ratio

Question 26

paychecks every Friday are an example of what kind of reinforcement schedule?

Answer 26

fixed interval

Question 27

random drug tests are an example of what kind of reinforcement schedule?

Answer 27

variable interval

Question 28

what are the 4 processes required for observational learning to take place?

Answer 28

attention, retention, motor reproduction, reinforcement

Question 29

attention -- observational learning

Answer 29

to reproduce an action you must pay attention to it

Question 30

retention -- observational learning

Answer 30

the action must be coded into memory so it can be retrieved

Question 31

motor reproduction -- observational learning

Answer 31

actually imitating the action

Question 32

reinforcement -- observational learning

Answer 32

is the model's (person being observed) behavior followed by a consequence

Question 33

vicarious reinforcement

Answer 33

If the model is reinforced it increased the likelihood the learner will continue the behavior -- even if they don't get the reinforcement

Question 34

vicarious punishment

Answer 34

If the model is punished it decreases the likelihood the learner will continue the behavior -- even if the don't get the punishment

Question 35

who developed the psychodynamic learning theory? what does it focus on?

Answer 35

Sigmund Freud's concept of the unconscious & the internal structures of the ID, EGO, & SUPEREGO

Question 36

id

Answer 36

always seeking pleasure, any pleasure

Question 37

ego

Answer 37

always wanting to do the right/ moral thing

Question 38

superego

Answer 38

the part of the self trying to reconcile and make peace between the id & superego

Question 39

defense

Answer 39

what we use to manage the tension & discomfort from the unconscious

Question 40

what are the 4 main mature defenses?

Answer 40

altruism, humor, suppression, sublimation

Question 41

what are the 2 main immature defenses?

Answer 41

projection and regression

Question 42

what are the 6 main neurotic defenses?

Answer 42

repression, denial, displacement, intellectualization, somatization, reaction

Question 43

altruism

Answer 43

constructive service to others that satisfies internal needs (defending against potential discomfort)

Question 44

humor

Answer 44

expression of ideas/ feelings (that might be unpleasant to focus on or talk about) that gives pleasure to others

Question 45

suppression

Answer 45

a conscious decision to delay paying attention to an emotion/ need; a voluntary temporary forgetting

Question 46

sublimation

Answer 46

occurs when you transform your conflicted emotions, unmet desires, or unacceptable impulses into productive outlets

Question 47

projection

Answer 47

one's own unacceptable impulses and desires are disowned and attributed to another

Question 48

regression

Answer 48

return to earlier stage of development or psychological time when faced with significant stressor

Question 49

repression

Answer 49

results from uncomfortable internal pressure and so one unconsciously puts painful thoughts/ memories/ emotions out of mind & forgets; out of awareness

Question 50

denial

Answer 50

refusal to accept external reality because it is too threatening; one is aware but choosing to set aside

Question 51

displacement

Answer 51

separate emotion from its real target and redirect to less threatening target

Question 52

intellectualization

Answer 52

extreme separation of emotion from ideas so as to reduce anxiety

Question 53

somatization

Answer 53

negative thoughts/ emotions turned inward against self and expressed physically

Question 54

reaction

Answer 54

goes beyond denial by behaving in the opposite way to which you think or feel

Question 55

are transference and countertransference considered defenses?

Answer 55

no -- special form of projection/ displacement

Question 56

transference

Answer 56

patients having strong emotional reactions to their providers

Question 57

countertransference

Answer 57

providers having strong emotional reactions to their patients