Learning theory/Behaviorism Flashcards
Learning theory is a theoretical orientation that conceptualizes the social environment in terns of “?”, its preceding “?”, and its subsequent “?”.
behavior
events
consequences
Learning theory emphasizes the social “/” of people within their “/”
functioning
environments
Social learning theory:
people learn by “?” or”/”
People learn by imitation or observation
Social learning theory:
people are more likely to imitate a person that they feel is “?3” or if the model is rewarded.
popular, smart, or talented
When a person learns to respond to a new stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response:
respondent conditioning (classical/pavlovian)
A procedure in which a person with a phobia practices relaxation while imagining scenes of the fear-producing stimulus:
systematic desensitization
The learning of behavior by observing another individual engaging in that behavior:
modeling (observational learning)
Practicing behavior through a trial run in preparation for a later situation in which some goal is to be achieved:
role playing
A type of learning in which behaviors are influenced primarily by the consequences that follow them:
Operant conditioning
ABCs of behavior:
Antecedents
Behavior
Consequences
A procedure or consequence that INCREASES the frequency of the behavior immediately preceding it:
Reinforcement
positive events or consequences that follow a behavior and strengthen it:
Positive reinforcement
A response or behavior (wearing seat belt) is strengthened by stopping, removing or avoiding a negative outcome or aversive stimulus (seat belt buzzer).
Negative reinforcement
嫌な出来事(negative reinforcement）を止めるためにある行動をとることが増える
A consequence that was previously provided no longer follows the response:
extinction (今まで与えていたpositive reinforcementを止める）
a consequence that decreases the future chances of the behavior that it follows:
punishment (to give adverse consequences/withdrawing positive reinforcement)
When reinforcement is initially stopped, a brief increase in the frequency or intensity of the behavior may occur:
extinction burst
2 Types of positive reinforcers:
Primary reinforcers (has rewards in itself) Secondary reinforcers (values are learned through association)
4 major types of secondary reinforcers
1. specific objects or substances
Material reinforcers (money)
4 major types of secondary reinforcers
2. tangible events whose value has been learned
activities
4 major types of secondary reinforcers
3. words and gestures used to indicate caring and concern toward another person
social reinforcers (praises)
4 major types of secondary reinforcers
4. Symbolic objects reflecting specific units of value that an individual can exchange for some other commodity.
Tokens
To reinforce positive behavior every time it occurs:
continuous reinforcement
Behavior is not reinforced every time it is performed, but is reinforced only occasionally:
intermittent reinforcement
The reinforcement of successive approximations - small steps of progress made toward the final desired behavior:
shaping
