Learning Topics - 7.01 and 7.02 Flashcards Preview

Block 7 - Endocrine, Nutrition, Reproductive Health > Learning Topics - 7.01 and 7.02 > Flashcards

Flashcards in Learning Topics - 7.01 and 7.02 Deck (31)
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1
Q

Catecholamines

A

Dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenalin

2
Q

Phaeochromocytoma

A

Tumour of the adrenal medulla

3
Q

Effect of SNS stimulation on glucose production

A

Increased glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, increased hepatic glucose output. Overall, increased glucose available for muscle action

4
Q

Effect of SNS stimulation on triglyceride production

A

Increased breakdown, increased output of lipoproteins containing triglycerides

5
Q

Effect of increased cortisol production on end organs

A

Immune suppression

6
Q

Effects of vasoconstriction on kidneys

A

Decreased renal blood flow –> increased RAAS activation –> increased vasopressin –> increased blood volume –> increased blood pressure

7
Q

What vasodilates and what vasoconstricts upon sympathetic activation?

A

Vessels to skin, gut, other organs including kidneys vasoconstrict.

Vessels to skeletal muscle and lungs dilate

NB the overall effect is to increase BP

8
Q

What effect does SNS activation have on the heart?

A

Increased heart rate and contractility. Overall effect is to increase BP

9
Q

In what endocrine diseases might anxiety be the presenting feature?

A

Phaeochromocytoma, thyrotoxicosis (diseases associated with excess catecholamine activity)

10
Q

BMR

A

Basal Metabolic Rate

11
Q

Define BMR

A

Energy expended when completely at rest, but not asleep and in the absence of:

  • muscle movement
  • sympathetic arousal
12
Q

RMR

A

Resting Metabolic Rate. About 10-15% higher than BMR.

13
Q

Measurement of RMR

A

Indirect calorimetry and direct calorimetry

14
Q

Indirect calorimetry

A

Measures O2:CO2 in fasted state using ventilated hood

15
Q

Direct calorimetry

A

Measured using a metabolic chamber

16
Q

What units are BMR/RMR measured in?

A

Kilocalories/24 hours

Adjusted for fat-free mass (“lean body mass”)

17
Q

Lean body mass

A

Metabolically active tissue

18
Q

BMR is “the idling rate of the body engine”. What are the additional components of energy expenditure?

A
  • thermoregulatory heat
  • TEE (thermic effect of exercise)
  • TEF (thermic effect of food)
19
Q

What is TEE?

A

Thermic effect of exercise

Energy required for muscle activity + energy lost as heat to maintain core temperature by elimination

20
Q

What is TEF?

A

Thermic effect of food

Energy required for the absorption and processing of food + facultative energy loss (??)

21
Q

What increases BMR?

A

Increased sympathetic activity

Pharmaceuticals (caffeine, amphetamines)

22
Q

What decreases BMR?

A

Fasting, calorie restriction, weight loss, hypothermia

23
Q

What are two forms of energy expenditure in humans?

A

BMR

Thermoregulation

24
Q

Thermoregulation

A

The maintenance of core body temperature.

May involve gain or loss of heat.

25
Q

2 mechanisms which cause gain of body heat

A

Shivering thermogenesis

Non-shivering thermogenesis

26
Q

Shivering thermogenesis

A

Muscle contraction

Superficial circulatory vasoconstriction (decreases amount of heat lost to atmosphere)

27
Q

Non-shivering thermogenesis

A

The production of ADDITIONAL HEAT via biochemical reactions in skeletal muscle.

28
Q

Hyperthermia in the absence of increased temperature exposure is due to ….

A

CNS lesions (?!)

29
Q

Hypothermia in the absence of cold exposure is due to …

A

Illnesses associated with severe metabolic acidosis (?)

Hypothyroidism

30
Q

Adrenaline is secreted by

A

Adrenal medulla

31
Q

Dopamine is secreted in the CNS as …

A

A neurotransmitter (mesocortical and mesolimbic pathways)