Lec 01A- CNS Development and Brain Divisions

Question 1

What are the 3 stages of neural tube development?

Answer 1

• neural plate
• neural folds
• neural tube

Question 2

Where is the neural groove located?

Answer 2

between the neural folds

Question 3

When does the nervous system form?

Answer 3

End of 2nd week - End of 8th week

Question 4

What does the trophoblast form?

Answer 4

placenta

Question 5

What is the part of the trophoblast that remains cellular?

Answer 5

cytotrophoblast

Question 6

What causes the trophoblast for form lacunae?

Answer 6

syncytiotrophoblast

Question 7

What does the embryonic disc form?

Answer 7

notochord

Question 8

What does the notochord form?

Answer 8

neural plate (thickened embryonic ectoderm)

Question 9

After how many days does the neural plate, primitive node, and primitive streak form?

Answer 9

19 days

Question 10

After how many days do the neural fold, neural groove, and somites form?

Answer 10

20 days

Question 11

After how many days do the Anterior and Posterior neuropore form?

Answer 11

23 days

Question 12

Superior/Anterior/Cranial neuropore closes by day _______

Answer 12

27

Question 13

Inferior/Posterior/Caudal neuropore closes by day ________

Answer 13

30

Question 14

What are the 2 subdivisions of the neural tube?

Answer 14

• Tripartite brain

- Pentapartite brain

Question 15

What does the cranial end of the neural tube form?

Answer 15

brain

Question 16

What does the caudal end of the neural tube form?

Answer 16

spinal cord

Question 17

What are the 3 divisions of the Tripartite brain?

Answer 17

• Prosencephalon (forebrain)
• Mesencephalon (midbrain)
• Rhombencephalon

Question 18

What are the 5 divisions of the Pentapartite brain?

Answer 18

• Telencephalon (prosencephalon)
• Diencephalon (prosencephalon)
• Mesencephalon
• Metencephalon (rhombencephalon)
• Myelencephalon (rhombencephalon)

Question 19

Pentapartite brain telencephalon lumina

Answer 19

lateral ventricles I and II

Question 20

Pentapartite brain telencephalon floor

Answer 20

• basal ganglia

- olfactory lobes and nerves

Question 21

Pntapartite brain telencephalon roof

Answer 21

cerebral hemispheres

Question 22

Pentapartite brain diencephalon lumen

Answer 22

3rd ventricle

Question 23

Pentapartite brain diencephalon roof

Answer 23

epithalamus

Question 24

Pentapartite brain diencephalon walls

Answer 24

thalamus

Question 25

Pentapartite brain diencephalon floor

Answer 25

- hypothalamus | - infundibulum

Question 26

Pentapartite brain mesencephalon lumen

Answer 26

cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius

Question 27

Pentapartite brain mesencephalon roof (Tectum)

Answer 27

- Superior colliculi | - Inferior colliculi

Question 28

Pentapartite brain mesencephalon floor

Answer 28

Tegmentum

Question 29

Pentapartite brain metencephalon lumen

Answer 29

part of 4th ventricle

Question 30

Pentapartite brain metencephalon roof

Answer 30

cerebellum

Question 31

Pentapartite brain metencephalon floor

Answer 31

pons

Question 32

Pentapartite brain myelencephalon lumen

Answer 32

rest of 4th ventricle

Question 33

Pentapartite brain myelencephalon main part

Answer 33

medulla oblongata

Question 34

Pentapartite brain myelencephalon roof

Answer 34

posterior choroid plexus

Question 35

What does the posterior choroid plexus produce?

Answer 35

CSF

Question 36

3 Pentapartite brain myelencephalon medulla nuclei

Answer 36

- vestibular nuclear complex - sensory nuclei - portions of reticular formation

Question 37

Pentapartite brain myelencephalon medulla pyramids

Answer 37

lateral corticospinal tracts

Question 38

Pentapartite brain myelencephalon medulla olives

Answer 38

site of nuclei related to cerebellum

Question 39

3 Pentapartite brain myelencephalon medulla vital reflex centers

Answer 39

- cardiac center - vasomotor center - centers related to respiration

Question 40

2 Pentapartite brain Metencephalon pons nuclei

Answer 40

- cranial nerve nuclei (V-VII) | - pontine nuclei

Question 41

What is the pontine nuclei?

Answer 41

relay between cerebrum and cerebellum

Question 42

2 Pentapartite brain Metencephalon pons centers

Answer 42

- sleep center | - respiratory centers

Question 43

What are the 2 parts of the Pentapartite brain Metencephalon?

Answer 43

- pons | - cerebellum

Question 44

Pentapartite brain Mesencephalon nuclei

Answer 44

cranial nerve nuclei (III-IV)

Question 45

Pentapartite brain Mesencephalon roof (Tectum)

Answer 45

- Superior colliculi = visual | - Inferior colliculi = auditory/olfactory

Question 46

3 Pentapartite brain Mesencephalon Tegmentum

Answer 46

- red nucleus - substantia nigra - various tracts

Question 47

What are peduncles?

Answer 47

large pairs of fiber tracts

Question 48

Inferior peduncles of cerebellum

Answer 48

connects medulla >> spinal cord

Question 49

Middle peduncles of cerebellum

Answer 49

connects to pons

Question 50

Superior peduncles of cerebellum

Answer 50

connects to midbrain

Question 51

3 functions of cerebellum

Answer 51

- coordinate skeletal muscle movements - maintain equilibrium and posture - synergic control of muscle activity

Question 52

Thalamus

Answer 52

major relay center for afferent/efferent information to and from cerebrum and other brain areas

Question 53

Epithalamus

Answer 53

- habenular nuclei - emotional and visceral responses to odors - has pineal body

Question 54

Hypothalamus

Answer 54

- mamillary bodies | - olfactory reflexes and emotional responses to odors

Question 55

What are the 2 nuclei in the hypothalamus?

Answer 55

- supraoptic nuclei | - paraventricular nuclei

Question 56

6 functions of hypothalamus

Answer 56

``` 1- Controls/integrates ANS 2- Visceral activity 3- Intermediary between nervous and endocrine systems 4- Controls normal body temperature 5- Maintains extracellular fluid volume 6- Biorhythm oscillator ```

Question 57

3 parts of telencephalon

Answer 57

- olfactory bulbs - basal nuclei (ganglia) - cerebral cortex

Question 58

Function of basal ganglia of telencephalon

Answer 58

subconscious motor control and muscle tone

Question 59

Cerebral cortex of telencephalon characteristics

Answer 59

- divided into paired lobes | - surface with gyri and sulci

Question 60

What is anencephaly?

Answer 60

failure of cranial end of neural tube to close

Question 61

What is Arnold-Chiari deformity?

Answer 61

- inferior cerebellum and medulla are elongated - protrude into vertebral canal - medulla and pons = small and deformed

Question 62

How does Arnold-Chiari deformity manifest?

Answer 62

- hydrocephalus | - malformation of lower cranial nerves (deafness & tongue, facial muscle, lateral eye movement weakness)

Question 63

What is spina bifida occulta?

Answer 63

- failure of inferior neuropore to close - vertebral arches fail to develop in caudal area - normal spinal cord function

Question 64

What is spina bifida cystica?

Answer 64

- sac-like cyst at caudal end of spine - spinal cord and/or meninges in cyst - impaired spinal cord function - LE dysfunction - impaired bladder and bowel function

Question 65

What is a meningocele?

Answer 65

- form of spina bifida cystica - meninges in sac (only) - impaired spinal cord function

Question 66

What is a meningomyelocele?

Answer 66

- form of spina bifida cystica - meninges & spinal cord in sac - abnormal growth of spinal cord - LE paralysis - bowel and bladder dysfunction - loss of lower limb sensation

Question 67

What is meloschisis?

Answer 67

- failure of caudal neural folds to close | - most severe defects

Question 68

What is holoprosencephaly?

Answer 68

- failure of prosencephalon to divide into 2 cerebral hemispheres - facial defomities

Question 69

What are the 3 facial deformities of Holoprosencephaly?

Answer 69

- single orbit with 2 eyes, 1 eye, or no eye - Proboscis-type nose located above the eye - cleft lip and palate