LEC 1

Question 1

A German Physicist

Answer 1

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

Question 2

The Father of Radiography

Answer 2

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

Question 3

When did Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen experimented with a cathode rays to prove that powerful rays could penetrate glass?

Answer 3

November 8, 1895

Question 4

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen experimented with ____ to prove that powerful rays could penetrate glass.

Answer 4

Cathode Rays

Question 5

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen was also experimenting with the ____ and the reason why he was using a vacuum tube.

Answer 5

Flow of current

Question 6

What was he using during the experiment with the flow of current?

Answer 6

Vacuum Tube

Question 7

Partially free of air

Answer 7

Vacuum Tube

Question 8

The presence of a ____ and ____ was able to produce light at a distance and stated that something travelled from the vacuum tube to where that glow of light was seen.

Answer 8

High voltage power and a Vacuum Tube

Question 9

A presence of a high voltage power and a
vacuum tube was able to produce ____ at a distance and stated that something travelled from the vacuum tube to where that glow of light was seen.

Answer 9

Light

Question 10

He stated that something travelled from the vacuum tube to where that glow of light was seen. He called/considered it
a ____

Answer 10

Ray

Question 11

Science/study of radiation as used in
medicine.

Answer 11

Radiology

Question 12

Art and science of making radiographs by
exposure of films to x-rays.

Answer 12

Radiography

Question 13

The making of radiographs of teeth
and adjacent structures by the exposure of film to x-rays.

Answer 13

Dental Radiography

Question 14

A picture on a film produced by the passage of x-rays through an object.

Answer 14

Radiograph

Question 15

Form of energy carried by waves or streams of
particles through space or substances.

Answer 15

Radiation

Question 16

High-energy form of radiation produced with
the power to penetrate substances and record image on a photograph film.

Answer 16

X-Radiation

Question 17

Dental radiographs are one of the important ____ for a dentist.

Answer 17

Diagnostic tool

Question 18

A dental clinic will not be complete without a ____.

Answer 18

X-ray machine

Question 19

It is taken to further check on what he
suspects. Without this, the dentist will not know
that there’s an underlying dental caries/carious lesion
under a filling.

Answer 19

Radiograph

Question 20

You can only take specific tooth/ teeth or you can go as far as requesting for a radiograph where you can see a bigger area like a panoramic xray to an xray of the whole skull.

Answer 20

Radiography

Question 21

It is needed for the diagnosis for orthodontic
cases where the dentist wants to correct malocclusions.

Answer 21

Dental Radiographs

Question 22

All matter is composed of atoms, or tiny invisible particles.

Answer 22

Radiation Physics

Question 23

Anything that occupies space and has mass

Answer 23

Matter

Question 24

A Fundamental unit of matter.

Answer 24

Atom

Question 25

A dense core of the atom, is composed of particles known as protons and neutrons

Answer 25

Nucleus

Question 26

A Nucleus that is dense core of the atom, is composed of particles known as ____ and ____.

Answer 26

Protons and Neutrons

Question 27

It carry positive electrical charges.

Answer 27

Protons

Question 28

It carry no electrical charge.

Answer 28

Neutrons

Question 29

It is tiny, negatively charged particles that have very little mass

Answer 29

Electrons

Question 30

The more protons, the more unstable the atoms tend to be. TRUE OR FALSE

Answer 30

True

Question 31

Everything found in the periodic table can be in:

Answer 31

- Neutral State - Unbalanced State

Question 32

Examples under Unbalanced state:

Answer 32

- Excitation - Ionization - Radioactivity

Question 33

Contains an equal number of protons and electrons.

Answer 33

Neutral (Stable) Atom

Question 34

Total electric charge of the atom is zero.

Answer 34

Neutral (Stable) Atom

Question 35

In Neutral Atom the total electric charge of the atom is ____.

Answer 35

Zero

Question 36

An atom that gains or loses an electron and becomes electrically unbalanced.

Answer 36

Ion

Question 37

The production of ions, or the process of converting an atom into ions.

Answer 37

Ionization

Question 38

Process by which ions are formed by gain or loss of an electron from an atom or molecule.

Answer 38

Ionization

Question 39

Movement of an electron from a lower energy level to a higher energy level by absorbing energy

Answer 39

Excitation

Question 40

Energy that causes an electron to move from one orbit to next.

Answer 40

Excitation

Question 41

The process by which certain unstable atoms or elements undergo spontaneous disintegration, or decay, to attain a more balanced nuclear state.

Answer 41

Radioactivity

Question 42

Atomic numbers above 83 are ____

Answer 42

Radioactive

Question 43

74

Answer 43

Tungsten

Question 44

An element that becomes very important to understand how x-rays are produced and its interaction with matter

Answer 44

Tungsten 74

Question 45

Unstable atom

Answer 45

Tungsten 74

Question 46

The force that attract the electrons towards the nucleus and keeps them in their orbit.

Answer 46

Centripetal force

Question 47

The force that allows the electrons to stay in its orbit and move around the nucleus without being moved out.

Answer 47

Centrifugal force

Question 48

Electrons are maintained in their orbits by the electrostatic force, or attraction, between the positive nucleus and the negative electrons.

Answer 48

Binding Energy

Question 49

Electrons are maintained in their orbits by the ____ or ____ between the positive nucleus and the negative electrons.

Answer 49

Electrostatic force / attraction,

Question 50

It is determined by the distance between the nucleus and the orbiting electron and is different for each shell.

Answer 50

Binding Energy

Question 51

Are measured in electron volts (eV) or kilo electron volts (keV).

Answer 51

The binding energies of orbital electrons

Question 52

The binding energies of orbital electrons are measured in ____.

Answer 52

Electron volts (eV) or kilo Electron volts (keV).

Question 53

It is the amount of force needed to keep the electron in its orbit. At the same time, it represents the amount of energy or force needed to at least remove an electron from its orbit.

Answer 53

Binding Energy

Question 54

To be able to move an electron out, that force should be stronger or within that value.

Answer 54

Binding Energy

Question 55

The emission and propagation of energy through space or a substance in the form of waves or particles.

Answer 55

Radiation

Question 56

What are the types of radiation:

Answer 56

- Ionizing Radiation - Non-ionizing Radiation

Question 57

What are the Ionizing Radiation:

Answer 57

- Particulate Radiation - Electromagnetic Radiation

Question 58

What are the Electromagnetic Radiation:

Answer 58

- Wave concept - Particle concept

Question 59

Radiation that is capable of producing ions by removing or adding an electron to an atom.

Answer 59

Ionizing Radiation

Question 60

Release of electrons from an atom

Answer 60

Ionizing Radiation

Question 61

Breaks through matter to break molecular bonds

Answer 61

Ionizing Radiation

Question 62

This very strong force of radiation can be explained as ____.

Answer 62

Particles or Electromagnetic waves

Question 63

Damages plants and animal life and human cells.

Answer 63

Particles or Electromagnetic waves

Question 64

Used to treat cancer, sterilize equipment, and identify fractures (to take radiographs and diagnosis)

Answer 64

Particles or Electromagnetic waves

Question 65

Tiny particles of matter that possess mass and travel in straight lines and at high speeds.

Answer 65

Particulate Radiation

Question 66

It transmit kinetic energy by means of their extremely fast-moving, small masses.

Answer 66

Particulate Radiation

Question 67

What are the types of Particulate Radiation:

Answer 67

1. Alpha particles/rays 2. Beta particles 3. Neutrons

Question 68

Positively charged particles

Answer 68

Alpha Particles/Rays

Question 69

Identical to nucleus of normal (atomic mass four) helium atom

Answer 69

Alpha Particles/Rays

Question 70

Highest ionization power

Answer 70

Alpha Particles/Rays

Question 71

Least penetration power (can be stopped by a piece of paper)

Answer 71

Alpha Particles/Rays

Question 72

Cause serious damage if it gets in the body due to high ionization power

Answer 72

Alpha Particles/Rays

Question 73

Since these have high ionization power and they are positively charged, they have weight, they are of greater weight, but since they are of greater weight, they cannot go deeper to structures and can be easily stopped but still can cause a lot of ionization. They can also cause damage when it gets in the body.

Answer 73

Alpha Particles/Rays

Question 74

Examples and uses of Alpha Particle/Rays:

Answer 74

* Smoke detectors * Used to power heart pacemakers

Question 75

Negatively charged particles

Answer 75

Beta Particles

Question 76

Produces less ionization and penetrates deeper than alpha particle - Penetrates skin, paper, clothes

Answer 76

Beta Particles

Question 77

Stopped by aluminum (metal), plastic, or wood

Answer 77

Beta Particles

Question 78

Less weight, lighter

Answer 78

Beta Particles

Question 79

Examples of Beta Particles:

Answer 79

* Carbon 14 tracing * Medical uses: Treatment of cancer, Graves’ disease, eye problems * Medical examination procedure (Positron emission tomography)

Question 80

Presented as free neutrons

Answer 80

Neutron Radiation

Question 81

No charge

Answer 81

Neutron Radiation

Question 82

No ionization

Answer 82

Neutron Radiation

Question 83

Highly penetrating and most damaging nature to cellular structure

Answer 83

Neutron Radiation

Question 84

Used in nuclear powerplants, atomic bombs and also used for some medical diagnostics

Answer 84

Neutron Radiation

Question 85

Movement of energy through space as a combination of electric and magnetic fields that vibrates at right angles to each other in one direction.

Answer 85

Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR)

Question 86

It may either be ionizing and nonionizing

Answer 86

Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR)

Question 87

What are the characterictics of EMR as WAVES:

Answer 87

- Velocity - Wavelength - Frequency

Question 88

speed of light; speed of wave

Answer 88

Velocity

Question 89

Velocity - miles/sec

Answer 89

186,000

Question 90

Velocity - km/sec

Answer 90

299,800

Question 91

The distance between the crest of a wave to the next crest of another wave

Answer 91

Wavelength

Question 92

The highest point of a wave is crest.

Answer 92

Wavelength

Question 93

The highest point of a wave is ____.

Answer 93

Crest

Question 94

Determines the energy and penetrating power of the radiation

Answer 94

Wavelength

Question 95

is measured in nanometers (nm; 1 × 10-9 meters, or one billionth of a meter) for short waves and in meters (m) for longer waves.

Answer 95

Wavelength

Question 96

The number of wavelengths that pass a given point in a certain amount of time

Answer 96

Frequency

Question 97

The longer the wavelength

Answer 97

The lower the frequency

Question 98

The shorter the wavelength

Answer 98

The higher the frequency

Question 99

All travel at a speed of light and they would only differ in ____ and ____.

Answer 99

wavelength and frequency

Question 100

Long wavelength and low frequency

Answer 100

Non-Ionizing / Soft Rays

Question 101

Short wavelength and high frequency

Answer 101

Ionizing / Hard Rays

Question 102

Have greater or stronger energy based on their frequency and wavelength than Non- Ionizing/Soft Rays

Answer 102

Ionizing / Hard Rays

Question 103

This characterizes electromagnetic radiation as particles (discrete bundles of energy) that travel at the speed of light in a straight path or beam carrying a specific amount of energy

Answer 103

Particle Concept of Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR)

Question 104

The particle concept characterizes electromagnetic radiations as discrete bundles of energy called ____

Answer 104

photons or quanta

Question 105

Causes excitation of an atom; acts on outer shell electrons

Answer 105

Non-ionizing Radiation

Question 106

What are the examples of Non-Ionizing Radiation

Answer 106

* Radio Waves * Microwaves * Infrared * Sound Waves * Visible Light (Aurora Borealis) * UV light

Question 107

A high-energy, ionizing electromagnetic radiation.

Answer 107

X - RADIATION

Question 108

Weightless bundles of energy without an electrical charge that travels in waves or particles with a specific frequency at the speed of light.

Answer 108

X-rays/ X - RADIATION

Question 109

X - RADIATION Frequency:

Answer 109

10^-8 to 10^-12 meter; 0.1 to 0.001 nm

Question 110

Radio Broadcast is measured in

Answer 110

Meters

Question 111

Microwaves are measured in

Answer 111

Centimeters

Question 112

Visible Light is measured in

Answer 112

Micrometers

Question 113

Ultraviolet light is measured in

Answer 113

Micrometers

Question 114

X-rays are measured in

Answer 114

Nanometers