Radiographic Interpretation Flashcards
(215 cards)
1
Q
Middle of the tooth, ____ and it has a space and it would be radiolucent (dark).
A
Pulp Canal
2
Q
Surrounding the pulp space is the ____ and can be seen all throughout
A
Dentin
3
Q
The highest in mineral content, so it is the most opaque (white) of the structures
A
Enamel
4
Q
unable to see or identify ____ because it is the least mineralize and is very thin
A
Cementum
5
Q
There’s nothing, very radiolucent (dark)
A
Air space
6
Q
if the arrow is pointed at the chamber, then we label this as ____.
A
Pulp Chamber
7
Q
if the arrow is pointing near the root, then it is called ____.
A
Root Canal Area
8
Q
If root canal and pulp chamber is combined, then it is called ____.
A
Pulp Canal
9
Q
It is very radiopaque (white), since it is a very dense cortical bone.
A
Lamina Dura
10
Q
It is continuous and it goes around the anatomy of the root
A
Lamina Dura
11
Q
The area that follows the anatomy of the tooth
A
Lamina Dura
12
Q
Around the lamina dura is the spongy bone where the bony trabeculae is seen
A
Trabecular Bone
13
Q
Everything is the spongy bone, but that is interspersed within area of cortical bone of bony trabeculae
A
Trabecular Bone
14
Q
Also called as nasopalatine foramen
A
Incisive Foramen
15
Q
Found at the lingual part of the central incisors
A
Incisive Foramen
16
Q
since it is a foramen, then it has a space and it would appear radiolucent (dark)
A
Incisive Foramen
17
Q
Appears like an elongated structure
A
Incisive Foramen
18
Q
Looks like an oblong area, fade gray area; depending on the exposure time and it can appear also very dark, but notice it is found in the root area
A
Incisive Foramen
19
Q
There is a degree of difference in the radiolucency
A
Incisive Foramen
20
Q
Must identify that this is an anatomical landmark and not a cyst
A
Incisive Foramen
21
Q
Inside that the incisive canal, this a smaller foramina.
A
Superior Foramina of the Incisive Canal
22
Q
Sometimes it can be mistaken for a lesion or cyst because they are round and very small.
A
Superior Foramina of the Incisive Canal
23
Q
Posterior to the incisive foramen
A
Median Palatine Suture
24
Q
It’s a slit-like
A
Median Palatine Suture
25
The thin line in the middle of the incisive foramen.
Median Palatine Suture
26
Apparently, it looks like it is found between the central incisors, but because of the direction of the x-ray beam, then it would not appear as bisection.
Median Palatine Suture
27
Divides the left and right palatine processes.
Median Palatine Suture
28
When using a vertical angulation that is very high and the PID is positioned in the landmark of the central incisors (tip of the nose), then the nasal area of the nasal cavity is seen.
Nasal Cavity
29
It divides the nasal cavity to a right and left area.
Nasal Septum
30
Band of dense cortical bone.
Nasal Septum
31
A very radiopaque (white) structure in the apical area.
Nasal Septum
32
Protrusion on the anterior parts of the apices of the central incisors on the midline.
Anterior Nasal Spine
33
Pointed structure, V-shaped.
Anterior Nasal Spine
34
Sometimes this can be identified as incisive foramen.
Anterior Nasal Spine
35
The incisive foramen is found on the lower part, compared to the ____.
Anterior Nasal Spine
36
Thin plates of bone
Inferior Nasal Conchae
37
Fan like structure
Inferior Nasal Conchae
38
It is inside or within the nasal cavity
Inferior Nasal Conchae
39
The soft tissue cannot be seen, but depending on the contrast of the film, then a very thin line is seen
Soft Tissue Outline
40
Ala cartilage of the nose (black arrows)
Lateral Fossa
41
Prominent depression between the lateral incisor and canine.
Lateral Fossa
42
Why is this seen? because the lateral incisor has a smaller root and the canine has a bigger root, this causes a depression or a fossa that is now called the ____.
Lateral Fossa
43
From canine to premolar area
Nasolabial Fold
44
On some radiographs, these lines (pointed by the arrows) may be seen.
Nasolabial Fold
45
Because some will think it’s an artifact, meaning it’s not supposed to be there, but it is the.
Nasolabial Fold
46
When will this be clear? depending on the contrast of the image, different degrees of gray are seen.
Nasolabial Fold
47
refers to the maxillary sinus, inverted because of its form
Inverted - Y or Antral - Y
48
this signifies the junction of the anterior part of the maxillary sinus
Inverted - Y or Antral - Y
49
Looks like a letter Y
Inverted - Y or Antral - Y
50
Where does the maxillary sinus start?
Anterior edge right above the canine
51
At the anterior edge right above the canine, that’s why it forms together with the anterior part of the nasal area
Maxillary Sinus and Border of the Maxillary Sinus
52
Have the inverted Y is seen
Maxillary Sinus and Border of the Maxillary Sinus
53
A very radiolucent part extending to the posterior teeth
Maxillary Sinus and Border of the Maxillary Sinus
54
Usually seen near the apices, starting from the premolar or even the canine, down to the molars
Maxillary Sinus and Border of the Maxillary Sinus
55
Notice in an edentulous area, the border of the sinus appears to dip down, that is called pneumatization.
Maxillary Sinus and Border of the Maxillary Sinus
56
Notice in an edentulous area, the border of the sinus appears to dip down, that is called ____.
Pneumatization
57
It is not a structure, it is like a dipping down of the sinus when there is an edentulous area of the posterior teeth
Maxillary Sinus and Border of the Maxillary Sinus
58
Just like if the septa within in the nasal cavity, the ____ is also interspersed with thin plates of bone.
Maxillary Sinus and Border of the Maxillary Sinus
59
It is not an artifact
Maxillary Sinus and Border of the Maxillary Sinus
60
Notice the ____ approximates or is very near the apices of the premolars up to the molars
Maxillary Sinus and Border of the Maxillary Sinus
61
The posterior part of the maxillary alveolar bone.
Maxillary Tuberosity
62
The thin line above the maxillary tuberosity is the pneumatization of the ____.
Maxillary Tuberosity
63
This is very clear when getting a radiograph of the 3rd molar.
Maxillary Tuberosity
64
When taking radiographs of the 1st molar,
sometimes the maxillary tuberosity is unable to be seen.
Maxillary Tuberosity
65
The attachment of the muscles of mastication
Lateral Pterygoid Plates
66
Posterior to the maxillary tuberosity
Lateral Pterygoid Plates
67
Posterior to the maxillary tuberosity
Lateral Pterygoid Plates
68
It is a fan-like structure
Lateral Pterygoid Plates
69
Part of the sphenoid bone, which is the attachment of the muscles.
Hamulus
70
It is a hook-like structure, just very near or appears to be near the maxillary tuberosity area. Notice it’s already taking the 3rd molar area
Hamulus
71
Very posteriorly located
Hamulus
72
On the radiograph, it is a thick bone
Zygomatic Process of the Maxilla
73
It is very radiopaque (white) from the form, and that will relate to the form it gives in a periapical radiograph.
Zygomatic Process of the Maxilla
74
It depends on the positioning of the film and the overlap of the structures.
Zygomatic Process of the Maxilla
75
It is a curved plate of very dense bone
Zygomatic Process of the Maxilla
76
In the radiograph, this very radiopaque, like a hook/curve, that is the zygomatic process, and if you look at your cheekbone, it extends usually more posterior or is at the same area of your zygomatic process.
Zygoma/Zygomatic Bone/ Cheekbone/ Malar Bone
77
Because of the change of the horizontal or vertical angulation, then of course the structure will also change depending on the angulation used.
78
Which is the very radiopaque thick, curved bone
Zygomatic Process
79
the zygomatic process, which is the very radiopaque thick, curved bone; then just posterior to that is the ____.
Zygoma
80
Is a radiolucent structure part of zygoma
Maxillary Sinus
81
Then the radiopaque structure, when it is seen, look at the palate of the patient
82
Because if they have any torus palatinus, then that will also be seen in the radiograph
83
Since it is a thick structure, bony exostosis or thickening of bone, then it will also appear radiopaque
84
Here is another view of the torus palatinus and the nasal concha
85
The ____ is very thin and grayish;
The ____ is a very radiopaque structure.
Nasal Concha and Torus Palatinus
86
These canals are not always clear, but when there is very good contrast, these very minute radiolucent areas are seen
Nasal Canal for the PSAN
87
These are not fracture lines.
Nasal Canal for the PSAN
88
It can be anywhere; it can appear within the sinus, between teeth.
Nasal Canal for the PSAN
89
Those areas are where the nerves and blood vessels pass as they go the teeth being supplied, they are called ____.
Nasal Canal for the PSAN
90
If the dentist does not look at the patient clinically, these may be mistaken as enamel defects.
Lower Lip Lines
91
A band right across the crowns of the teeth
Lower Lip Lines
92
Don't look for the lip structure, these are just shadows of the lip structure
Lower Lip Lines
93
Very thick plate of bone
Lower Border of the Mandible
94
Right on the edge of the apical part
Lower Border of the Mandible
95
Radiolucent (dark) dot in the middle
Lingual Foramen
96
Elevation of bone
Genial Tubercles/Mental Spine
97
Found on the lingual
Genial Tubercles/Mental Spine
98
These are attachments for the muscle
Genial Tubercles/Mental Spine
99
Radiopaque (white) structure around the lingual foramen
Genial Tubercles/Mental Spine
100
Approximately a bit part of the posterior teeth
Internal Oblique Ridge/Mylohyoid Ridge
101
They are not below to the anterior border of the mandible
Internal Oblique Ridge/Mylohyoid Ridge
102
Found on the inner side of the mandible
Internal Oblique Ridge/Mylohyoid Ridge
103
When palpating the area, there is an elevation on the lingual side
Internal Oblique Ridge/Mylohyoid Ridge
104
At the buccal side
105
Counter part of the mylohyoid ridge; different appearances
106
Two bands of radiopaque: the higher one is the ____ and the one that is nearer to the apices is the ____.
External Oblique Ridge and Internal Oblique Ridge
107
Between the area of the mylohyoid ridge, there is a deepening of the area which is the ____.
Submandibular Fossa
108
Where the submandibular gland is located
Submandibular Fossa
109
Since this is a fossa and it is adjacent to the mylohyoid ridge, it is radiolucent.
Submandibular Fossa
110
Bigger area than the mandibular canal
Submandibular Fossa
111
- upper right: more radiolucent
- lower right: degree of change of radiolucency and inferior to the mylohyoid ridge
Submandibular Fossa
112
What are the three structures at the outer part of the Mandible:
- Mental Ridge
- Mental Fossa
- Mental Foramen
113
Elevated portion and found on the anterior radiograph.
Mental Ridge
114
Deepening and since it is a deepening there is a less bone on that area, so it would appear radiolucent.
Mental Fossa
115
The exit of the mental nerve, between the premolars on the buccal side.
Mental Foramen
116
Common location is between the apices of the lower premolars o sometimes ____ is right on the apex and that could be mistaken as a chronic periapical lesion or abscess.
Mental Foramen
117
When taking a radiograph of the premolar and there is a radiolucency at the tip, it is important to determine if it is the abscess or the foramen.
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
118
So, the dentist must take another radiograph and change the horizontal angulation (moving the cone mesially or distally) o one is the normal and the other is the radiograph of the changed horizontal angulation
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
119
The location of this will change or shift together with the shape of the cone
Foramen
120
it will remain the same or attached
Periapical Lesion
121
As the inferior alveolar nerve enters the foramen, it courses along the length of the mandible to go to supply the mandibular posterior teeth o it courses around and exits as the mental nerve.
Mandibuolar Canal
122
The inferior alveolar nerve is seen as passing around the ____.
Mandibular Canal
123
How to determine Mandibular Canal:
- here are two thin plates of bone
- presence of mandibular nerve
- seems to have two lines just around it
124
brown arrow:
green arrow:
broad band/ violet:
red arrow:
- Mandibular canal
- Submandibular fossa
- Mylohyoid ridge/internal oblique ridge
(near the apices)
- External oblique ridge
125
One structure of the mandible
Coronoid Process
126
Overlaps the maxillary arch and can be seen when taking a maxillary radiograph
Coronoid Process
127
Has a thick plate of bone on the lingual side. It is hard, radiopaque and can be mistaken as a normal anatomic structures.
Mandibular Tori
128
The dentist must take another radiograph to have a diagnostic radiograph.
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
129
It will allow the dentist to view the structures that will be seen in a specific area
Diagnostic Radiograph
130
It can only be diagnostic if it meets all the three criteria:
- Properly placed
- Exposure to film to the x-ray
- Processing the film
131
What are the 2 Film Exposure Error
- Exposure Problems
- Time and Exposure Factor Problems
132
1. Unexposed film
2. Film exposed to light
Exposure Problems
133
1. Overexposed film
2. Underexposed film
Time and Exposure Factor Problems
134
Cause: unexposed film to opened under light
Blank Film
135
When the film is opened and it is white; Sometimes, it is in the greenish side
Blank Film
136
That’s why never attempt to open an unexposed film with natural light. Only open the film. In the processing room, because there are sensitive areas on the film that is sensitive to light.
Blank Film
137
Cause: film exposed to light or prolonged exposure time.
Dark Film
138
Do not use the term black film
Dark Film
139
Cause: less exposure time
Light Film/Unexposed Film
140
Can still see the images, but they are very light
Light Film/Unexposed Film
141
Do not use the term white
Light Film/Unexposed Film
142
3 Common Technique Errors:
A. Film placement
B. Angulation problem
C. PID alignment problem
143
1. Absence of apical structures
2. Dropped film corner
Film placement
144
1. Incorrect horizontal angulation
2. Incorrect vertical angulation
Angulation problem
145
The 2 Incorrect vertical angulation
a. Foreshortened image
b. Elongated image
146
1. Cone cut
PID alignment problem
147
Cause: film positioned too high or too low occlusally
Absence of Apical or Crown Structure
148
Cause: film not placed parallel to occlusal surfaces
149
End point of the periapical radiograph should show the occlusal or incisal edges are parallel to the edge of the film and it should not slanted.
Dropped Film Corner
150
Cause: inverted film
Wrong Location of Identification Dot
151
The identification dot should always be in the incisal or occlusaL.
Wrong Location of Identification Dot
152
Cause: incorrect horizontal angulation
Overlapping of Contact Areas
153
X-ray beam should be directly hitting the contact areas of the molars.
Overlapping of Contact Areas
154
The contact areas should appear radiolucent and not radiopaque.
Overlapping of Contact Areas
155
Cause: incorrect vertical angulation; too high
Foreshortened Image
156
The teeth will look small, unless the patient really has small teeth.
Foreshortened Image
157
Cause: incorrect vertical angulation; too low
Elongated image
158
Cause: the film is not centered to the cone
Cone Cut
159
Where should the film be in relation to the cone?
Center
160
Only a part of the film is exposed to the radiation
Cone Cut
161
Cause: too much pressure on the finger stabilization
Bent or Distorted Film
162
Especially if patient is supporting the film with their fingers
Bent or Distorted Film
163
The film gets bent
Bent or Distorted Film
164
When using finger stabilization, apply just enough pressure to support the film or else it will have a bent image.
Bent or Distorted Film
165
Cause: film is sharply bent and emulsion was cut
Film Crease
166
Cause: when the patient is holding the film with their two fingers
Phalangioma
167
When the radiation passes through, the bone of the finger or thumb, whichever is exposed to radiation, will also be taken.
Phalangioma
168
Uncommon or is very hard to have a
Phalangioma
169
Bone of the finger is seen
Phalangioma
170
Cause: when tube side and film side is reversed o the film side facing the x-ray beam - tire-track or herringbone appearance
Reversed Film
171
Cause: carelessness; using the film twice, or double exposure.
Double Exposure
172
The moment a film is taken, separate it from the rest.
Double Exposure
173
Cause: movement of
the cone or movement of the patient
Blurred Film
174
2 common Processing Errors:
A. Time and temperature errors
B. Chemical contamination errors
175
1. Underdeveloped film
2. Overdeveloped film
3. Cracked film
Time and temperature errors
176
1. Developer spot
2. Fixer spot
3. Yellow-brown stains
Chemical contamination errors
177
Cause: exposed too long in the developer solution
Overdeveloped film
178
Cause: exposure too less in the developer solution
Underdeveloped film
179
The solution and water should be the same temperature.
180
Cause: the developer and water are of different temperature o tend to crack the emulsion
Cracked Film/Reticulation
181
Cause: carelessness; developer solution hit on the developed film
Developer Spots (Dark Spots)
182
Developer spots is also known as ____.
Dark Spots
183
The moment processing is done and film is washed, do not expose it to the developing solution.
Developer Spots (Dark Spots)
184
Cause: carelessness; fixer solution hit on the
developed film
Fixer Spots (White)
185
Are also knows as white spots.
Fixer Spots
186
Cause: insufficient rinsing or exhausted solution and these are very common
Yellow-Brown Stains
187
Cause: area was not properly fixed or placed in the fixer solution
Fixer Cut (Black Line)
188
Cut is black, compared to the fixer spots which are white
Fixer Cut (Black Line)
189
Cause: a certain part was not properly immersed in the developer solution
Developer Cut (White Line)
190
Underdeveloped portion is white
Developer Cut (White Line)
191
Cause: when processing two or more
films
Overlapped Film
192
Films are not dried properly and stick together, then put in the fixer.
Overlapped Film
193
Cause: immersed films quickly into the developer, creating air bubbles
194
Just dip the films slowly into the developer solution and shake or swish it, to remove air bubbles that somehow might get trapped
Air Bubbles (Tiny White Spots)
195
Film artifact; any artificial product
Air Bubbles (Tiny White Spots)
196
A structure or appearance that is not natural, but is due to manipulation
Air Bubbles (Tiny White Spots)
197
Cause: holding the film with bare hands, thus cutting the emulsion
Fingernail Artifact (Black-Crescent Shape)
198
Use the film clip and clip it in the identification dot
Fingernail Artifact (Black-Crescent Shape)
199
Radiolucent on the bottom of the pic is the fingernail artifact.
Fingernail Artifact (Black-Crescent Shape)
200
Cause: holding the film
Fingerprint Artifact
201
The solution is very sensitive, which could cause an imprint.
Fingerprint Artifact
202
Very seldom
Static Electricity
203
Cause: when there is difference in humidity; the film is suddenly opened, causing cracks on the film
Static Electricity
204
Cause: the film is not yet totally dried
Film Scratches
205
One of the most common
Film Scratches
206
Film is kept moist after processing and was
accidentally touched
Film Scratches
207
A part of the film was removed
Film Scratches
208
Cause: during processing, part of the film was exposed to light.
Part of the Film was Exposed To Light
209
When processing, make sure the door in the
processing area is closed and nobody will enter.
Part of the Film was Exposed To Light
210
Because the moment someone goes in and the film is still in the developer solution, then this will happen.
Part of the Film was Exposed To Light
211
But when the film is already in the fixer solution, then it is already safe.
Part of the Film was Exposed To Light
212
Cause: either there was scattered radiation, or an old or expired film was used
Fogged Film (Blurred)
213
The solutions will not work well on the processing
Fogged Film (Blurred)
214
Storage of film is important
Fogged Film (Blurred)
215
Do not put them in hot areas, because when the film is developed, the image will be blurred
Fogged Film (Blurred)
