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lec 1- immune system overview Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two types of weapons in the immune system?

A
  1. cells that kill or ingest infected or altered cells
  2. soluble proteins that can neutralize, immobilize, agglutinate or kill pathogens
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2
Q

what is innate immunity?

A

non specific, takes care of pathogen before adaptive immunity

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3
Q

what is adaptive immunity?

A

specific, involves T and B cells

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4
Q

what are commensal microorganisms?

A

-microorganisms that co-evolved in the gut
-protect us from pathogens

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5
Q

what do antibiotics do?

A

kill good and bad bacteria, which can cause opportunistic pathogens to gain entry to cells to cause disease

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6
Q

what are viruses?

A

particles consisting of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA), enclosed in a protein coat and capable of replicating within a host cell and spreading cell to cell

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7
Q

what three types of proteins do viral genomes encode?

A

proteins for:
-replication
-packaging and delivery
-modification of the host cell

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8
Q

what is the reason behind the name corona virus?

A

the crown-like spikes on the surface

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9
Q

when were human coronaviruses introduced?

A

in the 1960s

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10
Q

are coronaviruses zootonic?

A

yes, they are transmitted between animals and people
-SARS from civets to humans
-MERS from camels to humans

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11
Q

what are the two barrier defenses against infection from bacteria, viruses and fungi?

A

skin: impenetrable layer of keratinized cells
mucosae: internal continuation of skin, secretes mucus filled with glycoproteins and enzymes that protect the epithelia from damage

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12
Q

what are the two circulatory systems?

A

-cardiovascular system
-lymphatic system

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13
Q

how do the two circulatory systems relate to one another?

A

-loss of liquid from the cardiovascular system flows into interstitial spaces and is returned to the bloodstream via a lymphatic system

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14
Q

is interstitial fluid volume 3 times that of blood?

A

yes

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15
Q

where does most of the immune systems action take place?

A

in the secondary lymphoid organs

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16
Q

what do lymphatic vessels do and which way do they flow?

A

they collect tissue fluid from loose connective tissue and only flow towards the heart

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17
Q

where do leukocytes circulate?

A

between the blood and the lymph

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18
Q

what cells are leukocytes?

A

white blood cells: including B cells, helper T cells, and cytotoxic T cells

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19
Q

what is hematopoiesis?

A

when blood cells have limited life spans and need to be regenerated

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20
Q

what are the leukocytes under the lymphocyte category?

A

-T cells
-B cells
-NK cells

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21
Q

what are the leukocytes under the granulocyte category?

A

-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils

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22
Q

what are other non-categorized leukocytes?

A

-monocytes
-macrophages
-mast cells
-dendritic cells

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23
Q

what helps differentiate leukocytes?

A

clusters of differentiation (surface molecules)

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24
Q

what CD do helper T cells have?

A

CD4

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25
what CD do cytotoxic T cells have?
CD8
26
how does the innate immune system localize and remove an infection within a few days without illness?
1. by recognizing the pathogen 2. by recruiting effector cells to kill or remove the pathogen
27
what is the overall effect of the innate immune response?
to induce inflammation to the affected tissue
28
what is inflammation?
heat, pain, redness, and swelling
29
is bacteria limited to replication outside of the bloodstream due to commensal organisms?
yes, they are free to replicate once in the blood stream
30
what are monocytes and what do they do?
cells from bone marrow that circulate the blood stream for 8 hours, then they migrate into tissues when needed and differentiate into macrophages
31
what does the differentiation of a monocyte into a macrophage involve?
-five to ten-fold enlargement in cell size -increased complexity and number of intracellular organelles -increased phagocytic ability
32
what is endocytosis?
the taking in of matter by living cell by invagination of its membrane and enclosure of the material in a vesicle
33
what is receptor mediated endocytosis?
cell surface proteins (receptors) bind to molecules on a target ad internalize it, usually via coated pits
34
what is pinocytosis?
endocytosis of small particles or fluid
35
what is phagocytosis?
endocytosis of large particles
36
what is engulfment?
taking in something from outside into the cell with any of the forms of endocytosis
37
what are macrophages and what do they do?
-long living (2-4 moths), self renewing cells that are the first line of cellular defense against a pathogen -phagocytose pathogen and secrete signals that recruit monocytes that will turn into more macrophages
38
what are Langerhans cells?
macrophages found in epidermal tissue
39
what are PAMPS?
pathogen associated molecular patterns
40
what recognizes PAMPS on macrophages?
pattern recognition receptors on macrophages
41
what are the 3 types of PRRs that recognize PAMPS?
-scavenger receptor -mannose receptor -toll like receptors
42
what are the other specific receptors on macrophages that recognize PAMPS?
-Fc receptors -Complement receptors
43
do macrophages stay in the resting stage until activated by the binding of a pathogen?
yes
44
what causes the release of cytokines and chemokines from macrophages?
the binding of the ligand or pathogen to a receptor
45
what are cytokines?
substances secreted by cells of the immune system that have an effect on other cells
46
what are chemokines?
a type of cytokines that induce directed chemotaxis
47
in what context do macrophages present pathogen to Helper T cells?
-in the context of MHC (major histocompatability complex) class II molecules
48
how do MHC molecules in the macrophage present the antigen to helper T cells?
the antigen is broken up into small pieces that bind to the pockets of MHC class II molecules, these molecules then go to the surface and present the antigen to helper T cells
49
what are neutrophils and what do they do?
-cells that are released from bone marrow and stay in the bloodstream for 7-10 days, main job is to kill pathogens -do not present antigen -get to site of injury in response to chemical signals secreted by other cells including macrophages
50
are neutrophils the most abundant granulocytes?
yes
51
what does a neutrophil spit out when its phagocytosing ability is exhausted?
-a network of extracellular fibers, primarily composed of DNA from which sticks to pathogens -these are called NETS (neutrophil extracellular traps)
52
what phagocytoses neutrophils?
macrophages
53
what is leukocytosis?
a condition where the white cells (neutrophils) count is above the normal range, used as an indication of an infection
54
what are eosinophils and what do they do?
-a granulocyte found in small numbers which once activated, releases toxic granules and free radicals to kill microorganisms and parasites -during inappropriate releases, may cause allergic reactions or tissue damage
55
what are basophils and what do they do?
a granulocyte that is in small numbers, releases histamine and interleukins which help in initiating TH2 responses -the release of histamine and interleukins may also cause problems in an allergic reaction
56
what are mast cells and what do they do?
-cells that differentiate when they enter tissues -cytoplasmic factors contain histamine and other pharmacologically active substances -they maintain tissue integrity by alerting the immune system to pathogens by secreting cytokines -induces the secretion of growth factors to heal tissue
57
what are dendritic cells and what do they do?
-cells that arise from both myloid and lymphoid bone marrow, migrate through blood to peripheral tissue -at the site of infection they engulf pathogens via phagocytosis and pinocytosis -after engulfment, they are induced to migrate via the afferent lymphatic vessels to the nearest lymph node -in the lymph node, they lose the ability to phagocytose but gain the ability to present antigen to T cells -can present with both MHC II and MHC I molecules (cross presentation)
58
how are dendritic cells an important link between innate and adaptive immune response?
by them being able to cross present antigen via MHC I and MHC II molecules
59
what are natural killer cells and what do they do?
-they are the first line of defense against viral infected cells -lack antigen specific receptors -cause viral infected cells to undergo apoptosis
60
when does the adaptive immune response come into play and what causes its initiation?
-when the innate immune response couldn't take care of the infection by itself -cytokines activate the adaptive immune response
61
are B cells and T cells that express CD4 and CD8 immature /inactive until they encounter an antigen?
yes
62
do B cells expressing B-cell receptors leave the bone marrow to mature?
yes
63
where do T cells go after leaving the bone marrow?
the thymus, where they mature by expressing their T cell receptor and CD4 or CD8
64
does the B cell receptor recognize free antigens?
yes
65
does the T cell receptor recognize free antigens?
no, only antigens presented to them via MHC molecules
66
what is the antigen antibody generator?
any molecule or molecular fragment that is either recognized by an antibody or a B-cell receptor or bound to a MHC molecules to be presented
67
what is the epitope?
the portion of an antigen molecule that is bound by an antibody or recognized by a T cell receptor via the MHC molecules presenting it
68
what is immunogen?
any antigen capable of invoking an immune response
69
does the B cell receptor engulf antigen and present it on the surface in the context if a MHC molecules?
yes
69
are all antigens immunogens?
no, some cannot illicit the immune response on their own (Hapten, low molecular weight)
69
what do B cells differentiate into after activation?
plasma cells that release antibodies
70
what are the three antigen presenting cells and what must they be able to do?
-dendritic cells -macrophages -B-lymphocytes -engulf pathogen to present it
71
what do the three T cells do?
cytotoxic T cells (CD8): kill cells infected with viruses helper T cells (CD4): regulate the activities of other white blood cells, help activate macrophages, B cells, and cytotoxic T cells Regulatory T cells: suppress the activity of other lymphocytes and help control the immune response
72
is class I MHC always associated with CD8 and found in all the nucleated cells in the body?
yes
73
is Class II MHC, which is always associated with CD4, found in all nucleated cells in the body?
no, only found on antigen presenting cells
74
what are primary lymphoid tissue?
bone marrow and the thymus
75
what is secondary lymphoid tissue?
lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, appendix, Peyer's patches
76
where is the adaptive immune response initiated?
in the secondary lymphoid tissues
77
does the spleen have lymphatic vessels?
no, receive white blood cells directly from the blood stream as it acts as a blood filter

mbb 326 (6 decks)

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