LEC 1: Introduction of Ethics and Philosophy

Question 1

_________ “birthed” other disciplines.

Answer 1

Philosophy

Question 2

Philosophy is also considered as a ____________ (as a second-order inquiry).

Answer 2

meta-discipline

Question 2

Philo means _____, while sophia means ______.

Answer 2

Philo = love
Sophia = wisdom

Question 3

Philosophy is also called as a ________ discipline.

Answer 3

mother

Question 4

This refers to the “nature of things”, what they are, how they come into being.

Answer 4

Phusis

Question 4

No distinction between science, philosophy, and religion.

Answer 4

Phusis

Question 5

What are the three (3) questions out of which Science and Philosophy developed?

Answer 5

1. What is everything made of?
2. How do things come to be, change, and pass away?
3. What permanent substance/s exist behind appearances?

Question 6

The “curiosity” of man as a rational being

Answer 6

Importance of Pre-Socratics

Question 6

The universe is animate and material.

Answer 6

Hylozoists

Question 7

Hylo is _____

Answer 7

stuff

Question 8

Who is this philosopher who lived from 640-550 BC

Answer 8

Thales

Question 8

Zoe is _______

Answer 8

life

Question 8

Who is this philosopher:

• From Miletus, in Greek Ionia (now Turkey)

Answer 8

Thales (640-550 BC)

Question 8

He is the Father of Western philosophy and is a mathematician who introduced geometry from Egypt.

Answer 8

Thales

Question 8

Water is _____________ (________) from which all things proceed.

Answer 8

fundamental substance; primary substratum

Question 9

______ is fundamental substance (primary substratum) from which all things proceed.

Answer 9

Water

Question 9

Believes that “magnetism is evidence of life, e.g. Lodestone (hylozoist).

“The earth is flat, thus when you reach the edge, you will fall.”

Answer 9

Thales (640-550 BC)

Question 10

Who are these three (3) pre-Socratic philosophers who came from the Milesian School?

Answer 10

1. Thales (water)
2. Anaximader (the infinite or apeiron)
3. Anaximenes (air)

Question 10

The __________ as the beginning of western philosophy (Miletus)

Answer 10

Milesian School

Question 10

1. Very broad or general
2. No single methodology for answering the questions
3. Seems to have no practical utility

Answer 10

Characteristics of a Philosophic Problem (Isaiah Berlin)

Question 11

The systematic questioning and critical examination of the underlying principles of morality; a study of their justification.

E.g. Morality of behaviors, social policies and institutions

Answer 11

Ethics

Question 11

Created the “Philosophy is vision” or a “new way of looking at things”.

Answer 11

Friedrich Waismann

Question 12

The core of attitudes, beliefs, and feelings that give coherence and vitality to a people.

Most ____ resides in hearts and minds of people, in expectations of others and selves, like or dislike, value or disdain.

Answer 12

Ethos/ethnos

Question 13

More / social customs / expectations

Answer 13

Morality

Question 14

it is the study of moral goodness/badness, rightness/wrongness of act

Answer 14

Morality

Question 15

_____, when laid down as ethical or moral principles, will constitute our morals

Answer 15

Mores

Question 16

Seem to make absolute and universal claims On the other hand, many ethical rules seem more optional relative to a particular society.

Answer 16

Moral Principles

Question 17

Giving reasons and making arguments to justify one's moral conclusions Some explanation of why we hold a certain moral position

Answer 17

Moral Reasoning

Question 18

Simply claiming that "x is wrong" is not sufficient. Reasons may not be purely rational

Answer 18

Moral Reasoning

Question 19

Analysis of Morality Two points of view: 1. 2.

Answer 19

1. Society 2. Individual as a Free Moral Agent

Question 20

A systematic exposition of a particular view about what is the basis of good and right.

Answer 20

Ethical Theory

Question 20

Provides reasons or norms for judging acts to be right r wrong, and attempts to give justification for these norms.

Answer 20

Ethical Theory

Question 21

Provides ethical orinciples or guidelines that embody certain values --> to make concrete ethical judgements.

Answer 21

Ethical Theory

Question 21

Normative or Descriptive Judgment Ethics, law, aesthetics, religion, custom

Answer 21

Normative Judgment

Question 22

Normative or Descriptive Judgment Sociology, psychology, anthropology, etc.

Answer 22

Descriptive Judgment

Question 23

Normative or Descriptive Judgment Based on norms or values or standards of good/bad and right/wrong

Answer 23

Normative Judgment

Question 24

CIvil disobedience - we ought to do what is morally right where morality may take precedence over law and custom

Answer 24

Moral Judgment

Question 24

_____. _____, _____ are all under Normative Ethics

Answer 24

a) Teleological (Consequentialist) moral theories b) Deontological (Non-consequentialist) moral theories by Immanuel Kant c) Virtue ethics

Question 24

Evaluative because they place a value (positive or negative) on some action or practice Some moral 'oughts' could override other 'oughts', like aesthetics, law, custom, or utility.

Answer 24

Moral Judgment

Question 25

What are the two (2) types of Ethical Theory?

Answer 25

1. Normative Ethics 2. Metaethics

Question 26

Deals with "specific questions of right and wrong", good and evil, and tries to settle on some concrete rules of correct behavior.

Answer 26

Normative Ethics

Question 26

Base moral judgment on expected results or consequences of the action

Answer 26

Teleological (Consequentialist) moral theories

Question 26

Telos means _____ E.g. Promotion of human happiness

Answer 26

goal

Question 26

Actions can be right oor wrong based on the nature of the act alone, regardless of the consequences.

Answer 26

Deontological (Non-consequentialist) moral theories by Immanuel Kant

Question 27

Deon means _____. E.g. Whether they conform to requirements of human dignity.

Answer 27

Duty

Question 28

Emphasis on the virtue or character or flourishing of the individual as part of his human nature (the moral agent) responsible for the action, instead of looking at ethical duties/rules or consequences of an action. E.g. Justice, courage, temperance, wisdom, etc.

Answer 28

Virtue Ethics

Question 29

Why do we need to study ethics?

Answer 29

1. Our ethics are continually changing -- to understand the nature of these changes. 2. We have an ethically pluralist society -- no ingle code of ethics, but different values and rules 3. To enable us to choose between alternative courses of action or opposing values 4. Ethical values are often in conflict -- conflicting goals and customs; enables us to reconsider our ethical priorities