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CHM129 > LEC 13-14 > Flashcards

LEC 13-14 Flashcards

1
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water molecules across a selective (semipermeable) barrier from high concentration to low concentration

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2
Q

Selective (semi permeable) barrier

A

Allows water molecules to pass through, but not most of the molecules dissolved in water

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3
Q

What is an example of a selective barrier?

A

Plasma membrane

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4
Q

Solutes

A

Molecules dissolved in water

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5
Q

How is the concentration of water determined?

A

By the concentration of solutes (dissolved) in water

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6
Q

Solute Potential

A

A measure of the concentration of solutes dissolved in water

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7
Q

What is the solute potential of pure water?

A

0 (pure water has no solutes)

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8
Q

What is the highest value of solute potential?

A

0

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9
Q

When is the water concentration the highest?

A

When solute potential is equal to zero

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10
Q

How does adding solutes affect solute potential and water concentration?

A

Lowers solute potential and water concentration

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11
Q

What does the water follow?

A

Water follows the solute

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12
Q

What is relationship between solute potential and water concentration?

A

Directly related; As solute potential increases so does water concentration

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13
Q

What is the relationship between solute potential and solute concentration?

A

Indirectly related; As solute potential increases, solute concentration decreases

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14
Q

What is the relationship between solute concentration and water concentration?

A

Indirectly related; As solute concentration increases, water concentration decreases

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15
Q

How does water move?

A

Water moves from areas of higher solute potential to areas of lower solute potential

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16
Q

Why is it important that plasma membranes are semi permeable membranes?

A

Cells depend on the regulated diffusion of water molecules across the plasma membrane to stay alive

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17
Q

Isotonic

A

If solute potential is equal inside and outside the cell (water is entering and leaving the cell in equal amounts)

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18
Q

Hypotonic

A

If solute potential is higher outside the cell than inside

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19
Q

What are the consequences of a hypotonic solution?

A

Water will diffuse into the cell causing it to swell and possible burst

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20
Q

Hypertonic

A

If solute potential is higher inside the cell than outside

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21
Q

What are the consequences of a hypertonic solution?

A

Water diffuses outside out of cell causing it to shrink and cell could dehydrate and die

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22
Q

Brain Capillaries

A

Fine blood vessels that feed brain tissues

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23
Q

Capillary Wall Cells (CWCs)

A

Form walls of tube

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24
Q

Intercellular Junctions

A

Physical connections between capillary wall cells

25
Can the molecules pass between the CWCs through the intercellular junctions?
No, molecules must pass through the plasma membrane of CWCs
26
Blood Brain Barrier
The strict control of what molecules can enter the brain and what cannot
27
Why does the blood brain barrier cause trouble for doctors?
For certain diseases, doctors need to introduce medicines into the brain but the blood brain barrier keeps most medicine from entering the brain
28
How do you breach the blood brain barrier?
Inject a solute into the blood, causing water concentration to be higher inside CWCs than blood --> water diffuses out of CWCs into blood --> CWCs shrink slightly and create wide openings between cells
29
Energy
The capacity to do work
30
What are the two forms of energy?
Kinetic and potential energy
31
Kinetic Energy
Energy of motion
32
Potential Energy
Stored energy
33
What are some forms of kinetic energy?
Heat, light, mechanical (wind, water)
34
What are some forms of potential energy?
Concentration gradients and chemical bonds
35
Thermodynamics
Branch of chemistry that deals with energy transformation (changes)
36
What are the two laws of thermodyanmics?
First Law of thermodynamics and Second Law of thermodynamics
37
First Law of Thermodynamics
Conservation law: energy cannot be destroyed or created, they only changed from one form to another
38
What is true about the total amount of energy in the universe?
It remains constant because the universe is a closed system: nothing can get out of the universe and nothing can get in
39
Second Law of Thermodynamics
No energy transfer is 100% efficient -- some energy is always lost (usually to heat) and becomes unusable energy
40
Entrophy
Unusable energy
41
Free Energy
Usable energy
42
What is true about entrophy in the universe?
Continuously increasing
43
What is true about free energy in the universe?
Continuously decreasing
44
What is free energy known by?
The letter "G" for "Gibbs Free Energy"
45
What does G stand for?
The energy availabe to do work
46
Free Energy Equation
G = H - TS
47
What does H stand for in Gibbs Free Energy equation?
Enthalpy, the total amount of energy contained in a molecule
48
What does TS stand for in Gibbs Free Energy equation?
Amount of disorder in a molecule
49
What does T stand for in Gibbs Free Energy equation?
Absolute temperature (K)
50
What does S stand for in Gibbs Free Energy equation?
Entrophy, unusable energy
51
What is true about the amount of free energy in products compared to reactants?
The products will either have more or less free energy than the reactants
52
What is the reaction called when G < 0?
Exergonic reaction (products has less free energy than reactants)
53
What happens in an exergonic reaction?
Free energy is released to do work and it "can be spontaneous"; reaction has the potential to occur on its own without extra energy input
54
What is the reaction called when G > 0?
Endergonic reaction (products have more free energy than reactants)
55
What happens in an endergonic reaction?
Energy is absorbed and it is "never spontaneous"; reaction will not occur without an input of energy
56
Reaction Coupling
The free energy released by exergonic reactions can be used to drive endergonic reactions forward
57
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
"Energy currency" of the cell
58
ATP Hydrolysis
Exergonic reaction; reactants (high free energy) include ATP and H20 and products (low free energy) include ADP and other products

CHM129 (3 decks)

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