lec 2

Question 1

A membrane-enclosed structure capable of
performing all of the basic functions of life
independently

Answer 1

cell

Question 2

The fundamental unit of structure and
function of all organisms

Answer 2

cell

Question 3

Cell Theory

Answer 3

1. All living organisms are composed of one
   or more cells
2. The cell is the basic unit of life
3. All cells come only from pre-existing cells
   by cell division

Question 4

The Proponents of Cell Theory:

Answer 4

1. Matthias Schleiden
   ○ German botanist
2. Theodor Schwann
   ○ German zoologist
3. Rudolf Virchow
   ○ German pathologist

Question 5

Two types of cells

Answer 5

Prokaryotes
● Bacteria
● Archaea
Eukaryotes
● Animals
● Plants
● Fungi
● Protozoa

Question 6

● A semipermeable membrane separating the cell from its external environment

Answer 6

cell membrane

Question 7

● Regulates the substances that go in an out of the cell based on various factors
such as size, lipid solubility and interaction with specific receptors
and/chemicals

Answer 7

cell membrane

Question 8

● Functions to protect the cell, maintain its shape, cell transport and intercellular
transport

Answer 8

cell membrane

Question 9

Contains a gel-like matrix consisting of mostly water and various soluble
substances such as minerals

Answer 9

cytoplasm

Question 10

The genetic blueprint of the cell/organism containing its hereditary traits

Answer 10

DNA

Question 11

■ Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration
■ Movement stops when molecules are evenly distributed or achieve
equilibrium

Answer 11

simple diffusion

Question 12

Molecules temporarily bind to carrier roteins and are then transported from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration
1.
2.

Answer 12

faciliated diffusion
1. protein channels (aquaporin)
2. carrier proteins

Question 13

Diffusion of water (solvent) from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semipermeable membrane

Answer 13

osmosis

Question 14

Relative concentration of all solutes in the water found inside and outside of the cell

Answer 14

tonicity

Question 15

■ Solute concentration is the same inside and outside of the cell
■ e.g. normal saline solution (NSS, 0.85% NaCl)

Answer 15

isotonic solution

Question 16

■ Solute concentration is higher outside the cell than inside
■ e.g. seawater

Answer 16

hypertonic solution

Question 17

■ Solute concentration is higher inside the cell than outside
■ e.g. distilled water

Answer 17

hypotonic solution

Question 18

Movement of molecules through a selective membrane against a concentration gradient (i.e. from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration)

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and carrier molecules are needed

Answer 18

active transport

Question 19

○ Bulk transport of materials
across the membrane
○ Results in loss of membrane
due to membrane invagination
and eventual detachment to
form vesicles, containing the
engulfed material in the cell

Answer 19

endocytosis

Question 20

3 smth of endocytosis

Answer 20

■ Pinocytosis (cell drinking)
■ Phagocytosis (cell eating)
■ Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 21

○ Bulk movement of materials out of a cell
○ A vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and expels particles or fluids from the cell

Answer 21

exocytosis

Question 22

Cellular material located between the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane

Answer 22

cytoplasm

Question 23

■ Semifluid portion of the cytoplasm
■ Where organelles are suspended in

Answer 23

cytosol

Question 24

■ Consists of well-defined structures (i.e. endoplasmic reticulum, vacuole, vesicle)

Answer 24

cytomembrane / endomembrane system

Question 25

Control center of the cell

Answer 25

nucleus

Question 26

Semifluid material in the nucleus

Answer 26

nucleoplasm

Question 27

● Carry multiple copies of DNA information to synthesize ribosomal RNA ● Composed of specialized parts of certain chromosomes that stain in a characteristically dark manner

Answer 27

nucleolus

Question 28

double-layered structure

Answer 28

nuclear envelope

Question 29

Provide a direct passageway through the nuclear envelope for the exchange of materials between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Answer 29

nuclear pores

Question 30

Non-membrane bound structures that are the sites for protein synthesis Contains: ___ & ___ Some ribosome ____

Answer 30

ribosome protein & rRNA attach to the endoplasmic reticulum and some float freely

Question 31

A complex, membrane-bound series of channels that helps various materials to circulate throughout the cytoplasm

Answer 31

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 32

Function: Site for protein synthesis Structure: flattened sacs

Answer 32

Rough ER

Question 33

● Function: Site for lipid production, detoxification, and storage of calcium ions in muscles ● Structure: Tubules

Answer 33

Smooth ER

Question 34

Function in modification and packaging of polypeptide and protein products produced by the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 34

GOLGI COMPLEX / APPARATUS

Question 35

Powerhouses of cells Where most of a cell’s ATP is produced

Answer 35

Mitochondria

Question 36

● Capable of causing lysis, or disintegration ○ Involved in the breakdown of foreign material ● Destroy injured or diseased cells and worn-out cellular components ● Act by fusing with other membrane-bound vesicles and pouring their enzymes into the larger membrane-bound body

Answer 36

Lysosome

Question 37

● System of tubules and filaments ● Provide support and maintain the form of cells ● Provide means of cellular locomotion and movement of macromolecules and organelles within a cell

Answer 37

cytoskeleton

Question 38

Thin, linear structures

Answer 38

microfilaments

Question 39

● Larger than microfilament ● Hollow tubular structures

Answer 39

microtubules

Question 40

● Larger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules ● Resist stretching, and help to hold adjacent cells together

Answer 40

intermediate filaments