Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

microbiology > lec 2 > Flashcards

lec 2 Flashcards

(93 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

name the 3 domains of al microorganisms

A

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how did eukarya got evolved

A

bacteria and archaea had the same ancestors, then they evolved and divided into the current domains of microorganism. Then archaea evolved into eukarya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

prokaryotes

A

bacteria and archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

agar plate

A

solid media which micro-organism grow on.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

in an agar plate the —- increases over time and it may eventually generate a —–

A

biomass, colony

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

name the properties of all cells

A

1) metabolism
2) growth
3) evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

1: metabolism

A

all cells can take up nutrients and modify them into building blocks or generate nrg. i.e. cell wall components
the resulting functions carried by the cell are:
1) genetic: replication, transcription, translation
2) catalytic: nrg, biosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

2: growth

A

when the biomass is favourable, nutrients consumed by the cells are converted into new cell materials in order to create daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3: evolution

A
  • key characteristic of life
  • cells do this in order to acquire new traits or skills
  • sometimes they may specialize
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

impacts of specialization

A
  • cells might lose genes that t eh don’t need

- as a result they waste less nrg on unwanted sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

—– capture evolutionary relationships

A

phylogenic trees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

name the properties of some cells

A

1) differentiation
2) communication
3) genetic exchange
4) motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

differentiation

A

e. g. some cells can differentiate into spores

- capacity to perform specific set of functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

communication

A

cells communicate via chemical messages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

genetic exchange

A

cells can inset their DNA into the recipient cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

microbial cells exchange DNA via ——

A

horizontal gene transfer (reproduction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

motility

A

swim and crawl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is a cell

A

a cell is a closed compartment that is constantly doing chemical reactions to make more of its constituents and make another cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

organize the following based on increasing in size:

virus, polio, vacuole

A

polio –> virus –> vacuole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the limit in cell size

A

0.5 micrometer - 750 micrometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

animal cell size

A

10 micrometer wide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the — of the cell affects the size

A

shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

surface volume ratio

A

as volume increases, there is less surface available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

why is the cell size a limited number

A

because the surface can handle a certain amount of volume in order to transfer nutrients and other compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
to feed the whole volume, surface must be ---- bigger
x2
26
what is the cue for the cell to divide
just before the cell reaches the upper limit, it divides into 2 cells
27
bacterial shapes
spherical,rod
28
nucleoid
rough region with no physical barriers | - prokaryotes store their DNA in this region
29
functions of the cell membrane
1) permeability barrier 2) protein anchor 3) energy conservation
30
cell membrane -- permeability barrier
- prevents form leakage | - functions as a gateway: controls what enters and washes out
31
cell membrane -- protein anchor
- site of many proteins that participate in transport, bioenergetics and chemotaxis - sensors, adhesins, tranposerters, enzymes
32
the cell is --- % protein and. ----% phospholipid
50, 50
33
cell membrane -- nrg conservation
since the membrane is impermeable to charged molecules, a membrane potential is created - the membrane potential forces the passage of ions, therefore pmf is generated
34
typical phospholipid found in bacteria
phosphatidylehtanolamine
35
in bacteria and eukarya the glycerol backbone is connected to the fatty acids via ---- linkage
ester
36
in archaea the glycerol backbone is connected to the fatty acids via ---- linkage
ether
37
what are the differences among the phospholipid structure of archaea vs. bacteria and eukarya
1) ether linkage | 2) the lipid part is made of isoprene
38
how does one polymerize isoprene
,you start with a phosphoglycerol and keep adding morello the chain one by one ---> making it a monolayer
39
why does the monolayer nature of archaea makes them resistant
1) they become more solid and heat resistant | 2) instead of dissociating, they always stay together
40
they lipid bilayer is stabilized by ----
sterols
41
structure of sterols
polar head (OH) - attached to 4 fused rings - hydrocarbon tail
42
name of the sterol in 1) animal cells 2) fungi 3) plant cells and some protozoans
1) cholesterol 2) ergosterol 3) stigma sterol
43
in bacteria and archaea sterols are ----, therefore, they are stabilized by ----
absent, hopanoids
44
ribosomes are composed of --- and ----
DNA, RNA
45
location of ribosomes in bacteria and archaea
free in the cytoplasm or attached to the cytoplasmic membrane
46
location of ribosomes in eukarya
free in the cytoplasm or bound to the ER membrane
47
ribosomes in prokaryotes
50 S + 30 S = 70 S
48
ribosomes in eukaryotes
40 S + 60 S = 80S
49
Svedberg unit
describes the rate of sedimentation of a particle in an ultracentrifuge. proportional to the size, shape and density of the particle -- relationship is not linear
50
a cell wall is absent in ---- and most ----
animals, protozoans
51
functions of a cell wall
it forms a tough, rigid, barrier that helps protect the cell and gives it its shape
52
the cell wall of eukaryotes is usually composed of ----
polysaccharides
53
name the polysaccharides present in the cell walls of the following: 1) plants 2) fungi
1) cellulose: polymer of glucose | 2) chitin: polymer of N-acetylglucosamine
54
the genome of eukaryotes is packed into ----
chromatin fibre
55
chromatin fibres are organized into ----
chromosomes
56
name the 2 types of chromatin
1) euchromatin | 2) heterochromatin
57
euchromatin
loosely packed, actively transcribed, needs to be unwinded for transcription
58
heterochromatin
densely packed, low level of transcription
59
Replication and transcription of DNA in eukaryotes occurs in the ----
nucleus
60
translation occurs in the ----
cytoplasm
61
where does the mRNA for cytoplasmic proteins travel into for translations
free in the cytoplasm
62
where does the mRNA for membrane proteins travel to for translation
directed to the ER
63
what is the endoplasmic reticulum
it is a set of channels and sacs around the nucleus | - main function: conducts specific enzymatic activity
64
what is the ER composed of
phospholipid bilayer
65
rough ER
studded with ribosomes, and important for protein synthesis and modification
66
smooth ER
no ribosomes, involved in the synthesis of lipids
67
Golgi body
a set of membrane compartments involved in further processing of proteins and their distribution.
68
how are proteins transported from the Golgi body
they are packages into vesicles
69
cis Golgi
cis Golgi is on the cis side of the Golgi body and its function is to receive the biosynthetic output from the ER
70
trans Golgi
on the existing face of the Golgi, where the processed materials leave
71
most of the ATP required by cells is produced in the ----
mitochondria
72
structure of the outer membrane of mitochondrion
many porin proteins --> makes the membrane very permeable to small molecules
73
structure of the inner membrane of mitochondrion
75% proteins, 25% lipids. contains transport proteins, enzymes, cytochromes, ATPase - produces most of the ATP
74
Matrix
contains the enzymes for citric acid cycle, DNA and ribosomes (70S)
75
outer membrane of chloroplasts
porins, similar to mitochondria
76
inner membrane of chloroplasts
regulated transports of proteins
77
thylakoid
closed system of interconnecting sacs and tubules, bordered by membranes where most photosynthetic reactions happen - contains enzymes and pigments that harvest light nrg and the ATPase uses this to generate ATP
78
stroma
circular DNA, 70S ribosomes, enzymes of the Calvin cycle
79
In what senses are eukaryotes and mitochondria and chloroplast similar to bacteria
- 70S ribosomes - double membranes circular chromosomes
80
protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton:
1) microtubules: alpha tubulin 2) actin filament: actin 3) intermediate filaments: keratin, desmin, vimentin * similar protein filaments are found in non spherical prokaryotes
81
microtubules grow form the ----
centrosomes
82
structure of microtubules
helical and hollow
83
function of microtubules
create a network of roads inside the cell - proteins known as kinesins walk on these, by picking up vesicles from the Golgi, chloroplast, ... and taking them to their destinations. - powered by ATP - Another protein that uses these paths is dyenin
84
function of centrioles
act as organizing centres for other microtubules arrays
85
construction of centrioles
9+0 contractions, with 400 nm and 200 nm arms | - triplets of one complete, and 2 partials arms
86
centrosomes have ---- centrioles
2
87
basal body
when the centriole is located closer to the cytoplasmic membrane --> essential for flagella and cilia generation
88
flagella
used by protozoans or other cells for swimming in a liquid
89
cilia
short extensions that surround the cell for movement
90
flagella and cilia constructions
9+2 --> 2 extra in the centre | - 9 sets of doubles ( one complete, 1 partial, 2 pariah in the centre)
91
what are flagella and cilia covered by in eukaryotes
cytoplasmic membrane
92
what are flagella and cilia covered by in prokaryotes
plasma membrane
93
role of dyenin
the grab the arms and slide them past each other in a coordinated movement following the microtubules - creates stress

microbiology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions