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microbiology > microbiology of animals > Flashcards

microbiology of animals Flashcards

1
Q

the bodies of animals provide a –, —- and —– env for bacteria.

A

wet, warm nutritious

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2
Q

—- —- forces bacteria to colonize inside animal tissues

A

evolutionary presser

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3
Q

what factors influence the richness and the abundance of microorganisms in the body

A

temp, pH, nutrient supply, immune system (genetic factors)

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4
Q

as the animal develops, various body surfaces become progressively —-, the individual acquires its —- —-

A

colonized, normal microbiome

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5
Q

what are commensals

A

at firs most microorganisms may seem to be commensals. they take advantage of the host (nutrients, shelter) and they do not harm the host

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6
Q

in what ways can commensals be beneficial

A

1) AA supply
2) vitamin supply
3) metabolic pathways
4) protection against new incoming microbial populations (occupy the territory)
5) teach the immune system

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7
Q

(T/F)
commensals may also be parasitic
explain

A

true

some commensals may be pathogenic under specific conditions and commensals of one species may infect another species

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8
Q

in animals the vast majority of the microorganisms may be found in the —–

A

GI tract

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9
Q

phylogenetic studies suggest that different lineages evolved a —- life style

A

herbivorous

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10
Q

what are the challenges of herbivores

A

digestion is difficult for them due to the presence of cellulose and complex sugars (lignin, pectin, hemicellulose) in their diet –> also insoluble

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11
Q

animals lack the enzyme —-

A

cellulase

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12
Q

microorganisms in the gut have a —– relationship with the host. due to their ability to break down cellulose

A

mutualistic

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13
Q

name the 2 digestive strategies that have evolved in herbivores

A

1) foregut fermentation: fermentation chamber precedes acidic stomach
2) hindgut fermentation: use caecum and/or large intestine as fermentation chambers

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14
Q

rumen

A

foregut fermenation chamber

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15
Q

how is the pH of the fermentation chamber maintained + what is its pH

A

by the saliva - composed of sodium bicarbonate and sodium phosphate
5-7

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16
Q

rumen is an —- env

A

anaerobic

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17
Q

temp in the rumen

A

39-40 degrees

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18
Q

(T/F)

a large portion of the rumen contains cellulase

A

FALSE

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19
Q

fermentation in the rumen is mediated by —— that hydrolyze cellulose into —- and —– , then sugars are fermented into —— , — , —-

A

cellulolytic microbes, glucose , cellobiose, VFAs, CO2,CH4

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20
Q

what happens to VFAs after fermentation

A

thy pass through the rumen wall, enter the bloodstream and are utilized by the animal as its main nrg source

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21
Q

what kind of micro-organism exist in the rumen

A

ciliated protozoa, bacteria, archaea –> 16S

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22
Q

——- (microorganism) produce cellulase, and the product may be used by other microorganisms

A

ruminococcaeceae

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23
Q

methanogens are —

A

anaerobes

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24
Q

reactions carried out by methanogens

A

4H2+CO2 –> CH4+2H2O +nrg

CH3COOH –>CO2 + CH4 + nrg

25
Q

—- used by methanogens is not available to the host. uptown —- % of the nrg value of the feed can be lost as CH4

A

acetate, 10

26
Q

—- inhibits methanenogenesis. This compound is an —

A

monensin, antibiotic

27
Q

after several hours of microbial digestion, small portion of the rumen contents are —– , well chewed, and the swallowed again. smaller food particles are collected by the —- and moved to the —–, where excess —– is collected.

A

regurgitated , reticulum , omasum, water

28
Q

what happens after when food particles enter the omasum

A

they enter the stomach (abomasum) and from there to the intestines. the mass of microbial cells are subjected to digestion and serves as a major source of AAs and vitamins

29
Q

in non ruminant organisms fermentation takes place in the —– , provides —– absorbed by the animal

A

caecum, organic acids

30
Q

the microbial mass that grows I cellulose and other polysaccharides are —— digested and are —– therefore these type of organisms require more:
Rabbits and hares got around this problem by consuming the —- —- they produce

A

not, excreted, AAs, vitamins , feacal pellets

31
Q

commensals are microorganisms routinely found on the bodies of —– individuals. they normally colonize the body without causing any —–

A

most healthy, infections

32
Q

normal microbiome

A
  • microorganisms usually found associated with human body tissue
  • humans are colonized by microorganisms at north
  • normal microbiome changes over time and according to the condition of the host (diet, age, sex, occupation ,etc)
33
Q

the —- is composed of an inner layer of living, actively —– cells and an outer layer of — cells

A

epidermis, replicating, dead

34
Q

function of sebaceous glands and apocrine sweat glands

A

they produce salt water with various amounts of proteins, sugars and lipids. secretions are slightly acidic and have some antimicrobial activities —-> esp lipids and proteins

35
Q

function of the dead cell layer of the skin

A

tough Barries that prevent microorganism from penetrating deep tissues

36
Q

the skin is generally a —, — env that does not support the growth of most microorganisms

A

dry, acid

37
Q

the —– that carry secretions are colonized by only a few well adapted species –> gram ——

A

ducts, positive

38
Q

the normal microbiome secretes —- that kills incoming competitors and protects to a certain extent against colonization of harmful bacteria

A

bacteriocin

39
Q

the oral cavity is a —-, — microbial habitat. both —- and —niches are available

A

heterogeneous, complex, aerobic, anaerobic

40
Q

in the oral cavity there are high concentrations of nutrients new the —–

A

surfaces

41
Q

the test consist of a —– —- also called —-, surrounding living tissue (dentin and pulp)

A

mineral matrices, enamel

42
Q

dental plaque

A

extensive forth of oral microorganisms, esp streptococci results in a thick bacteria layer called dental plaque.

43
Q

bacteria colonize tooth surfaced by:

A

attaching to acidic glycoproteins deposited there by saliva

44
Q

sucrose + bacterial plaque

A

streptococcus mutans synthesize extracellular polysaccharides (dextran) that aid its attachment t the surface
s mutans and various lactobacilli ferment sucrose and producee lactic acid that demineralizes the tooth enamel

45
Q

as plaque continues to develop —- bacterial species being to grow

A

anaerobic

46
Q

microorganisms in the the colon are ——- or ——– like:

A

strict anaerobes, facultative aerobes, bactericides, enteric bacteria (e.cloi) yeasts, anaerobic protozoa (entamoeba coli)

47
Q

high —- in gut communities between individuals

A

variability

48
Q

intestinal microorganisms carry out a variety of metabolic pathways that produce various nutrients like:

A

AAs, vitamins

49
Q

** sulfate reduces

A

notes

50
Q

microorganisms in the gut contribute to the —- of the GI tract

A

maturing

51
Q

microbes in the gut affect:

A

early development, health, predisposition to disease

52
Q

microbiome of the nose and nasopharynx is very similar to that of the —– . name some of these microorganisms

A

mouth, staphylococci, streptococci, corynebacteria

53
Q

—– may harbour potential pathogens under control by the host immune system like:

A

nasopharynx
streptoccouc pneumonia, haemophilus infleunzae, neisseria meningitidis
***healthy carries

54
Q

the lower response tract includes:

microorganism level:

A

lungs, trachea, bronchi

- very low –> determined by culture technique

55
Q

the genitourinary and urinary tract are generally —– of microorganisms due to the flossing action of the urine

A

free

56
Q

under what conditions may the urinary tract become infected with microorganisms

A

1) altered conditions such as pH changes can cause potential pathogens from the urethra to multiply and cause disease
2) a few of the normal microorganisms of the GI tract can cause urinary tract infections like: e.cloi, proteus mirabillis

57
Q

how may the vaginal tract protect the urinary tract

A

microorganisms in the vaginal tract degrade glycogen and produce lactic acid which reduces to pH 4.5 –> low pH protects against infection

58
Q

name the sterile zones in the body

A

1) blood
2) spinal fluid
3) internal portion of urinary tract (bladder, kidney)
4) peritoneal cavity (gut cavity)
5) pleural cavity (lung cavity)
6) sinuses
7) interior region of other body tissues (bone, muscle, …)

microbiology (9 decks)

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