Lec 2 Aging

Question 1

T/F:

Cells, tissues, and organs may vary in age-related change in the same individual, but are ultimately connected.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Over the years, how has life expectancy from 65 changed?

Answer 2

Not much

Question 3

Maximum life span

Answer 3

115

Question 4

Definition:

Increased longevity observed in hybrids

Answer 4

Hybrid vigor

Question 5

T/F:

People live longer if their parents live longer.

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Life expectancy in twins.

Answer 6

Less difference in life expectancy of monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic.

Question 7

Rare disease that causes children to age rapidly.

Answer 7

Progeria/ Hutchinson-Gilford Syndrome

Question 8

Adult progeria

Answer 8

Werner’s Syndrome

Signs of rapid aging don’t occur until they hit puberty.

Question 9

Child progeria

Answer 9

Hutchinson-Gilford Syndrome

Question 10

These functions do NOT change as we age.

Answer 10

1) pH and electrolyte content of blood

2) Verbal intelligence

Question 11

Rate of yearly loss of the functional capacity we had at 30 years old.

Answer 11

0.8-0.9%

Question 12

Rate of mortality after 30 years old.

Answer 12

Doubles every 7 years

Question 13

The catchall risk factor for most diseases.

Answer 13

Aging

Question 14

Fibroblasts can only multiply a finite number of times.

Answer 14

Hayflick Limit

Question 15

Nucleic acid sequences found at the ends of chromosomes.

Answer 15

Telomeres

Question 16

These shorten every time a cell divides.

Answer 16

Telomeres

Question 17

Telomere Theory

Answer 17

Telomere shortening causes cell damage that prevents the cell from duplicating.

Question 18

Prevents cell damage from Telomere shortening.

Answer 18

Telomerase

Question 19

Where is Telomerase found?

Answer 19

Germ and Cancer cells

Question 20

Maintains the length of Telomeres by adding Guanine-rich nucleotides to DNA.

Answer 20

Telomerase

Question 21

Free radicals damage cell membranes and create cellular waste, which accumulates.

Answer 21

Free Radical Theory

Question 22

An age pigment that accumulates over time.

Answer 22

Lipofuscin

Question 23

Cell Membrane Theory

Answer 23

The cell loses its ability to transfer chemicals and charge bc there’s a decrease in lipids and water in the cell membrane.

Question 24

Where does Lipofuscin deposit?

Answer 24

Brain, heart, lung, and skin.

Question 25

Mitochondrial decline Theory

Answer 25

Free radical damage causes mitochondria to make less ATP

Question 26

AKA "Cross-linking Theory"

Answer 26

Glycosylation Theory

Question 27

Glycoslyation Theory

Answer 27

Sugar binds to protein in the presence of oxygen

Question 28

Makes up 25% of the body's proteins.

Answer 28

Collagen

Question 29

Affects the flow of nutrients and waste products from cells.

Answer 29

Cross-linking

Question 30

T/F: Molecules becomes irreversibly immobilized by cross-linking.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

Says that the hypothalamus is damaged over time by release of cortisol from the adrenal glands.

Answer 31

Neuroendocrine Theory

Question 32

One of the few hormones that increases with age.

Answer 32

Cortisol

Question 33

This caused mice to live 50% longer.

Answer 33

Calorie restriction (In red)

Question 34

This is an empirical observation, not a theory.

Answer 34

Calorie restriction

Question 35

Theory: Organism is only needed to reproduce and have a nurture period.

Answer 35

Evolution Theory

Question 36

This theory says we have programmed events, like puberty and menopause

Answer 36

Biologic Clock Theory

Question 37

Regulates aging and death of cells.

Answer 37

Sirtuins (SIR2)

Question 38

Sirtuin found in red wine

Answer 38

Resveratrol

Question 39

An anti-fungal immunosuppressant used in transplants

Answer 39

Rapamycin

Question 40

Promotes cell division and growth

Answer 40

IGF (insulin-like growth factor)

Question 41

Regulates how cells respond to Insulin and IGF

Answer 41

Rapamycin

Question 42

Gene that is regulated by the Insulin/IGF pathway.

Answer 42

FOXO

Question 43

When this gene is mutated, there's an increase in longevity.

Answer 43

FOXO gene

Question 44

Skin thickness sharply declines after what age?

Answer 44

60

Question 45

- Skin is wrinkled, dry, atrophic, and flaccid. - Vermillion border of the lip is NOT sharp. - May be premalignant

Answer 45

Actinic, Senile, or Solar elastosis

Question 46

From too much sun exposure.

Answer 46

Actinic Elastosis

Question 47

These decrease as we get older.

Answer 47

Muscle Mass Total body water Thermoregulation

Question 48

This increases as we get older.

Answer 48

Body fat | Orthostatic hypotension

Question 49

The sensitivity of this reflex decreases as we age.

Answer 49

Baroreflex

Question 50

These drugs include antidepressants, antihistamines, antipsychotics, and many mold remedies, and must be used with care in older patients.

Answer 50

Anticholinergic drugs

Question 51

Stiffness/Compliance of the heart as we get older.

Answer 51

Gets stiffer/less compliant

Question 52

Why does the heart get stiffer as we age?

Answer 52

Increase in connective tissue. AKA CHF caused by fibrosis.

Question 53

How to manage CHF caused by fibrosis?

Answer 53

Diuresis and control of coexistent HTN.

Question 54

This medication serves no purpose in managing CHF caused by fibrosis.

Answer 54

Digoxin

Question 55

This is usually caused by the degeneration of a normal aortic valve if it occurs for the first time in a 60 year-old or older individual

Answer 55

Aortic Stenosis

Question 56

This requires the use of pacemakers if it occurs in older adults. Many adults are also treated with anticoagulants to prevent thrombosis and embolism.

Answer 56

Arrhythmias

Question 57

Most important predisposing factor for endocarditis.

Answer 57

Previous disease

Question 58

Safe INR for surgical treatment

Answer 58

< 3

Question 59

This drug may prolong the QT interval, potentially leading to malignant arrhythmias.

Answer 59

Azole antifungals

Question 60

Caution using the ultrasonic in patients with these bc it can cause an electrosurge.

Answer 60

Pacemakers | Defibrillators

Question 61

Must do this to avoid endocarditis.

Answer 61

Premedicate

Question 62

T/F: To avoid endocarditis in people who premedicate, space the visits adequately to clear the drug and avoid a drug resistance effect.

Answer 62

True Alternate between Amoxicillin and Clindamycin

Question 63

T/F: As we age, the risk for infection of the lungs is increased. Oral organisms may contribute to pulmonary infection in older adults.

Answer 63

True

Question 64

May be a significant cause of mortality in institutionalized elders.

Answer 64

Pneumonia

Question 65

GI issues as you get older have what affect on oral drug absorption?

Answer 65

Decreased absorption of most drugs given orally.

Question 66

GFR in older patients.

Answer 66

Decreases

Question 67

These increase the risk of dehydration during illness and warm periods in old people.

Answer 67

1) Urinary concentrating defect | 2) Reduced thirst

Question 68

After 40, how much does liver mass DECREASE each year?

Answer 68

1%

Question 69

Plasma albumin levels in elderly.

Answer 69

Decrease

Question 70

Effect of decreased plasma albumin level on drug effect.

Answer 70

Less plasma albumin means more unbound drug, so there's a greater drug effect.

Question 71

Mediates the effects of GH

Answer 71

IGF-1

Question 72

GH levels decrease as we get older, so this also decreases.

Answer 72

IGF-1

Question 73

This increases when GH is given to healthy older adult men with low IGF levels.

Answer 73

Lean body mass

Question 74

This decreases when GH is given to healthy older men with low IGF levels.

Answer 74

Fat mass

Question 75

Do brittle (poorly controlled) diabetics need to premedicate to prevent infections from surgery?

Answer 75

Yes

Question 76

Age-related changes that occur in hematopoietic lab test values, like WBC count, hematocrit, hemoglobin, or platelet count.

Answer 76

No changes!