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Biochem Final > Lec 20: Metabolism overview > Flashcards

Lec 20: Metabolism overview Flashcards

1
Q

Define energy (2)

A
  1. A physical flux that quantifies the changes of state (Temperature, speed, form) in a system
  2. Energy is the capacity of work
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2
Q

Define the law of energy conservation

A

The amount of energy that is constant inside a closed system

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3
Q

1 kcal = ___ kJ

A

4.184kJ

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4
Q

What is the average daily bodily function(?kcal)

A

1 200 kcal required

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5
Q

What is Energy balance?

A

Relationship of energy intake, energy expended and energy stored

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6
Q

Energy Expended < Energy Intake =

A

Energy Stored

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7
Q

Energy Expended> Energy Intake =

A

Stored energy used

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8
Q

1g of fat =

A

9 kcal

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9
Q

1g of carbohydrates or proteins =

A

4 kcal

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10
Q

What is the Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

A

Energy burned to perform basic bodily function at rest

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11
Q

What is the RMR for men

A

900 + 10 x body weight (kg)

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12
Q

What is the RMR for women

A

800 + 7 x body weight (kg)

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13
Q

What are some of the factors influencing RMR (5)

A
  1. Food intake
  2. Age
  3. Body composition
  4. Sex
  5. Hormones
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14
Q

Why is food intake a factor influencing RMR?

A

RMR decreases with food restriction/ fasting and increases with overfeeding

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15
Q

Why is age a factor influencing RMR?

A

RMR declines by 2% per decade of life after adulthood

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16
Q

Why is Body composition a factor influencing RMR?

A

Greater muscle mass means the need for more calories

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17
Q

Why is sex a factor influencing RMR?

A

Males need more calories than women

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18
Q

Why are Hormones a factor influencing RMR?

A

Insulin encourage energy expenditure

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19
Q

What is Basal energy need?

A

RMR x Activity factor

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20
Q

What is energy intake? What is its source of bonds?

A

Energy extracted from chemicals bonds or to form ATP

Source of Bonds = Food or photons

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21
Q

All oxidation reactions include what? (2)

A
  1. The loss of e- from the molecule being oxidized

2. The gaining of those e- by other molecules (reduction)

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22
Q

Oxidation reactions are called what?

A

Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions

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23
Q

What happens in aerobic oxidation of carbon fuels into CO2?

A

E- are removed from C atoms and ultimately passed to O2 (e- acceptor) in a series of redox reactions

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24
Q

The more reduced a carbon is to begin with, the more __ is released by its ___

A

Free Energy, Oxidation

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25
Q

What are the characteristics of Energy intake, use and storage (4)

A
  1. Carbohydrates are oxidized first
  2. Fats are a second choice
  3. Proteins are used as a last resort
  4. Unmetabolized fuels are stored as Triglycerides and glycogen/starch
26
Q

What happens during Energy intake? (think digestive system)

A

Meals must be degraded into small molecules in the digestive tract for absorption across the intestinal epithelium

27
Q

What happens to Polysaccharides during Energy intake

A

Digested into monosaccharides by enzymes

28
Q

What happens to Proteins during Energy intake

A

Digested into peptides and amino acids by proteolytic enzymes

29
Q

What happens to Lipdis during Energy intake

A

Digested into fatty acids by lipase

30
Q

Digested molecules travel in the ____

A

Bloodstream to our cells

31
Q

What are the characteristics of Carbohydrates during energy use (2)

A
  1. Yields large amounts of ATP

2. Some organs cannot use fats as energy source

32
Q

What are the 2 hormones secreted by the pancreas that regulate blood [glucose]

A
  1. Insulin

2. Glucagon

33
Q

What does insulin do? (3) (RID)

A
  1. Decreases extracellular [glucose]
  2. Initiates glucose uptake in cells and glycogen formation (liver and skeleton/muscle cells)
  3. Released in response to high [glucose] in blood
34
Q

what does Glucagon do? (3)

A
  1. Increases extracellular [glucose]
  2. Initiates glycogen metabolism
  3. Released in response to low [glucose]
35
Q

When is the energy used in carbohydrates

A

Start of exercise, burst of energy

36
Q

What metabolism process is used in carbohydrates? (4)

A
  1. Glycolysis (fermentation)
  2. Krebs cycle
  3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
  4. Fumarate respiration (ATP synthesis)
37
Q

When is the energy used in Lipids? (3)

A
  1. Shortly into exercise, long term energy
  2. Fatty acids released from triglycerides by lipolysis
  3. Require mitochondria for oxidation
38
Q

What metabolism process is used in lipids? (2)

A
  1. Lipolysis

2. Oxidation by mitochondria

39
Q

For energy use, amino acids need to be ___

A

Deaminated

40
Q

Define Deaminated, what does it result in?

A

Removal of the amine group, results in alpha-keto acid

41
Q

Deaminated amino acids can be used in 2 metabolic pathways

A
  1. Gluconeogenesis

2. Ketogenesis

42
Q

Define Gluconeogenesis

A

Results in the generation of glucose

43
Q

Define Ketogenesis

A

Results in the generation of ketone bodies

44
Q

What are the characteristics of Gluconeogenesis (2)

A
  1. Deaminated glycogenic amino acids are converted into pyruvate
  2. Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis
45
Q

What are the characteristics of ketogenesis (3)

A
  1. Occurs at low blood sugar
  2. Creates ketone bodies
  3. Can be converted into metabolic intermediates in glycolysis and Krebs cycle
46
Q

What are the ketone bodies in Ketogenesis (3)

A
  1. Acetoacetate
  2. Acetone
  3. Beta-hydroxybutyrate
47
Q

Define Ketone bodies

A

Metabolites that replace glucose as the main fuel of the brain in situations of glucose activity

48
Q

What are the amino acids in Glucogenic (4)

A
  1. Alanine
  2. Arginine
  3. Aspartic acid
  4. Glutamic acid
49
Q

What are the amino acids in Ketogenic (2)

A
  1. Leucine

2. Lysine

50
Q

What are the amino acids found in both Glucogenic and Ketogenic? (4)

A
  1. Isoleucine
  2. Phenylalanine
  3. Tryptophan
  4. Tyrosine
51
Q

During Ketoacidosis, high [ketone] in blood indicates what?

A

Lowered blood pH

52
Q

Why does Ketoacidosis occur?

A

Occurs due to prolonged hypoglycemia or insulin deficiency

53
Q

What is Ketoacidosis often associated with? (health issues)

A

Diabetes, Excessive alcohol intake and strict ketogenic diets (low carbs)

54
Q

What are the symptoms of Ketoacidosis? (4)

A
  1. Headache
  2. Weakness
  3. Confusion
  4. Abdominal pain
55
Q

What is the difference between catabolic and anabolic metabolism?

A

C: Breaks down fuels into ATP
A: Uses ATP to synthesize complex biomolecules

56
Q

What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic metabolism?

A

Aerobic: With O2
Anaerobic: Without O2

57
Q

What class of metabolism does an organism have if it uses light for energy?

A

Phototrophic metabolism

58
Q

What is the purpose behind reaction coupling?

A

To pair unfavourable reactions (Δ>0) with favourable reactions (Δ<0), so that the entire metabolic pathway is favourable (Δ<0)

59
Q

What are some uses of ATP in the cell? (2)

A
  1. Energy use (provide energy when hydrolyzed into ADP)

2. DNA/RNA synthesis (building block for nucleic acids)

60
Q

How is ATP generated? What are some examples?

A

Catabolic metabolism

EX: Cellular respiration ,Krebs cycle, glycolysis, Electron transport chain (ECT)

Biochem Final (7 decks)

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