lec 27- macroevolution

Question 1

what determines species diversity?

Answer 1

speciation and extinction

D1 (diversity) + origination (first discovered fossil) - extinction (newly discovered fossil)/ (all over time) = D2 (new diversity)

Question 2

what pattern is seen after a typical extinction boundary?

Answer 2

Turnover

Question 3

what type of group of species tend to have higher origination rates than extinction rates?

Answer 3

diverse groups

origination rates a > omega extinction rate

Question 4

when does diversity decline?

Answer 4

when extinction rates increases or origination rates decreases

omega > a

Question 5

what are the three major fauna of earth?

Answer 5

Cambrian, Paleozoic, and Modern

Question 6

when does true extinction occur?

Answer 6

when the last member of a clade dies, can be a species or a group of species

Question 7

how many Mass Extinctions are there?

Answer 7

5

Question 8

what is Biogeography?

Answer 8

the study of present and past geographical patterns of diversity

Question 9

what controls biodiversity patterns?

Answer 9

climate, dispersal, vicariance, time, and history

Question 10

what are the biogeographical regions?

Answer 10

-neararctic region
-neotropical region
-ethiopian region
-palearctic region
-oriental region
-australian region

Question 11

what leads to vicariance (separated populations)?

Answer 11

continental drift

Question 12

what split the continent during the Cretaceous?

Answer 12

North American seaway

Question 13

where did the oldest marsupial fossils come from?

Answer 13

came from North America an eurasia

Question 14

what southern supercontinent had many marsupials?

Answer 14

Gondwanaland

Question 15

how did marsupials evolve?

Answer 15

through both vicariance and dispersal

Question 16

do south american and Australian marsupials form a large clade?

Answer 16

yes, earliest ancestors from south america

Question 17

are all native Australian mammals marsupials during the last 25 million years?

Answer 17

yes

Question 18

when does adaptive radiation occur with respect to origination and extinction?

Answer 18

when origination is higher than extinction

a > omega

Question 19

how many species of Hawaiian Honeykeepers exist?

Answer 19

50 species, many now extinct

Question 20

what is the ancestor of Hawaiian honeykeepers?

Answer 20

the Eurasian rosefinch

Question 21

how many species of silversword plant in Hawaii?

Answer 21

50 endemic species, an example of adaptive radiation

Question 22

what are some examples of key innovations that led to adaptive radiation?

Answer 22

double jaws, Cambrian radiation of invertebrates (hard exoskeletons eyes etc.), flower evolution during cretaceous and pollination, dispersal to and colonization of new habitats with under contested niches

Question 23

do cichlid fish show convergent evolution with other fish?

Answer 23

yes

Question 24

what was the largest supercontinent called?

Answer 24

Pangaea

Question 25

when did the largest mass extinction event occur?

Answer 25

at the end of the Permian period, on Pangaea

Question 26

when did Pangaea start to break?

Answer 26

during the Mesozoic era, created more shallow shelves/ marine habitats and increased marine diversity