lec 3 bone and joint basics

Question 1

modes of loading

Answer 1

tension compression bending shear torsion combine

Question 2

shape categories of bone

Answer 2

irregular, flat, long, sesamoid, short

Question 3

epiphysis

Answer 3

ends of long bone

only one in short bone

Question 4

diaphysis

Answer 4

shaft of long bone

Question 5

metaphysis

Answer 5

expanded flared end of shaft of long bone

Question 6

medullary cavity

Answer 6

tube like area deficient of bone and filled with marrow

Question 7

epiphyseal/growth plate

Answer 7

layer of cartilage that separates epiphysis and diaphysis

once growth stops its replaced by epiphyseal line

Question 8

types of joints

Answer 8

synovial

nonsynovial- fibrous and cartiaginous

Question 9

ends of bone covered in

Answer 9

hyaline cartilage

Question 10

joint capsule made of

Answer 10

inner synovial membrane and outer fibrous membrane

Question 11

synovial membrane

Answer 11

attaches at edges of articular surfaces
highly vascularized
secreted synovial fluid

Question 12

fibrous membrane

Answer 12

provides integrity to joint

can thicken on outside to produce ligaments aiding in reinforcement

Question 13

simple synovial joint

Answer 13

formed by 2 articular surfaces

Question 14

compound synovial joint

Answer 14

formed by 3 or more articular surfaces ex:talus tibia fibula

Question 15

complex synovial joint

Answer 15

possessing disc or meniscus ex: mandibular fossa, articular disc, mandibular condyle

Question 16

composite synovial joint

Answer 16

combination of complex and compound

Question 17

articular disc

Answer 17

made of fibrocartilage
improves articulation 
absorb compression forces 
adjust to changes in contours of joint surfaces during movements 
increase range of motion

Question 18

fibrous nonsynovial joints

Answer 18

bones joined by fibrous CT

ex: suture of skull, gomphosis, syndesmosis

Question 19

cartilaginous nonsynovial joint

Answer 19

hyaline cartilage covered bones
ex primary: cartilage of growth plate of a long bone in subadult

ex secondary: pubic symphosis

Question 20

translation

Answer 20

gliding motion in which bone slides on another &all points on moving object move same distance
nonaxial linear movement

Question 21

rotation

Answer 21

motion in which angles b/t bone change &not all points on moving object move same distance
movement on one or more axises
joint surfaces curved
common in synovial joints only

Question 22

intramembraneous ossification

Answer 22

certain flat bones

calcium directly deposited into mesenchymal precursor or model of bone

Question 23

endochondral ossification

Answer 23

most bons

calcium deposited into cartilageneous model (precursor to bone)

Question 24

stages of endochondral ossification

Answer 24

mesenchymal
cartilaginous(when joint forms)
osseous

Question 25

mesenchymal stage

Answer 25

cells of limb bud are mesenchymal(undifferentiated loose CT from mesoderm)

Question 26

cartilasginous stage/chondrification

Answer 26

mesenchymal cells begin to condense and differentiate into chondrocytes chondrocytes form hyaline cartilage models that foreshadow the bones of extremities

Question 27

osseous stage

Answer 27

blood vessels enter cartilaginous model bringing forth osteoblasts/bone progenitors and isolating growth of chondrocytes to ends chondrocytes near diaphysis under hypertrophy and then die, mineralizing surrounding matrix osteroblasts bind to mineralized matrix and deposit bone matrices

Question 28

nonsynovial joint development

Answer 28

mesenchyme at the interzone differentiates into single layer of fibrocartilage

Question 29

valgus

Answer 29

distal aspect of free limb is bent or twisted outward away from midline of limb or body

Question 30

varus/varum

Answer 30

twisted toward midline

Question 31

hallux valgus

Answer 31

bunion | proximal phalynx of big toe deviated laterally to long axis of 1st metatarsal

Question 32

hallus varus

Answer 32

the long axis of proximal phalanx will be deviated medially relative to long axis of 1st metatarsal