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MMI 133 > LEC 4 > Flashcards

LEC 4 Flashcards

1
Q

ENDOTOXIN what is example of endotoxin

A

lipid A

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2
Q

ENDOTOXIN what kind of molecule is endotoxin

A

lipid

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3
Q

ENDOTOXIN when is endotoxin released

A

bacterial death

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4
Q

EXOTOXIN how does exotoxin work

A
  1. produced by bacterial cell

2. released by bacterial cell

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5
Q

EXOTOXIN what kind of molecule is exotoxin

A

protein

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6
Q

EXOTOXIN what are 3 types of exotoxins

A
  1. enterotoxin ==> affects intestinal cells
  2. neurotoxin == > affects brain cells
  3. cytotoxin
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7
Q

METABOLISM what is metabolism

A

sum of chemical reactions that occur in organism

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8
Q

METABOLISM what are 4 components of metabolism

A
  1. anabolism
  2. catabolism
  3. enzymes
  4. energy production
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9
Q

METABOLISM what are catabolic reactions

A

reactions that release energy (for use by cells)

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10
Q

METABOLISM what are anabolic reactions

A

reactions that store energy

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11
Q

METABOLISM what do catabolic reactions involve

A

complex molecules to simple molecules

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12
Q

METABOLISM what do anabolic reactions involve

A

simple molecules to complex molecules

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13
Q

METABOLISM what kind of molecules is glycogen

A

storage molecule

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14
Q

ENZYMES how does high temp affect reaction rate

A

increase reaction rate

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15
Q

ENZYMES what would increase in body temp result in

A

protein denaturation

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16
Q

ENZYMES what is the function enzymes

A

increase reaction rate

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17
Q

ENZYMES what are 3 characteristics of enzymes

A
  1. substrate specific
  2. unchanged during reaction
  3. recycled after reaction
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18
Q

ENZYMES what are factors that affect enzyme function (5)

A
  1. temp
  2. pH
  3. salt concentration
  4. saturation
  5. inhibitors
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19
Q

ENZYMES what does saturation refer to

A

amount of substrates that are bound to enzymes

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20
Q

ENZYMES what can happen when pH too high or too low

A

denaturation

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21
Q

EN PRODUCTION what is primary nutrient source

A

glucose

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22
Q

EN PRODUCTION what are 3 processes by which glucose used

A
  1. aerobic resp
  2. anaerobic resp
  3. fermentation
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23
Q

EN PRODUCTION what conditions does fermentation. occur in

A
  1. aerobic

2. anaerobic

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24
Q

EN PRODUCTION what process common to CR and fermentation

A

glycolysis

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25
Q

EN PRODUCTION what happens in glycolysis

A

glucose to pyruvate

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26
Q

EN PRODUCTION how much ATP produced per glucose by aerobic CR

A

38

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27
Q

EN PRODUCTION what are obligate aerobes

A

bacteria that need oxygen to grow

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28
Q

EN PRODUCTION what is obligate aerobe rate of growth

A

fast

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29
Q

EN PRODUCTION how much ATP produced per glucose by anaerobic CR

A

4

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30
Q

EN PRODUCTION what is obligate anaerobe

A

bacteria that need no oxygen to grow

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31
Q

EN PRODUCTION what is rate of obligate anaerobe growth

A

slow

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32
Q

EN PRODUCTION what are 2 en sources other than glucose

A
  1. proteins

2. lipids

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33
Q

what are 3 factors affecting bacterial growth

A
  1. physical factors
  2. chemical factors
  3. envrio factors
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34
Q

PHYSICAL what are 4 physical factors affecting growth of bacteria

A
  1. temp
  2. pH
  3. osmotic pressure
  4. gas
35
Q

PHYSICAL what are 5 categories that describe optimal temp for bacteria to grow (from cold to hot)

A
  1. psychrophiles
  2. psycrotrophs
  3. mesophiles
  4. thermophiles
  5. hyperthermophiles
36
Q

PHYSICAL what temp category do most pathogens belong to

A

mesophiles

37
Q

LISTERIA what is gram morphology

A

gram pos bacillus

38
Q

LISTERIA what temp category does listeria belong to

A

psychrotroph

39
Q

LISTERIA what are growth conditions in terms of oxygen

A
  1. aerobic

2. anaerobic

40
Q

LISTERIA what are growth characteristics

A
  1. grow well on complex media
  2. grow over wide temp grange
  3. grow over wide pH range
  4. grow in high NaCl concentrations
41
Q

LISTERIA where can listeria be found

A

soil

42
Q

LISTERIA what effect does listeria have on humans (3)

A
  1. infect CNS
  2. infect fetus
  3. cause food borne disease
43
Q

LISTERIA what is pathogenesis (4)

A
  1. attach to gastric epithelial cells
  2. enter gastric epithelial cells
  3. rearrange actin
  4. propel to next cell
44
Q

LISTERIA what are 2 virulence factors

A
  1. Act A protein

2. listerolysin

45
Q

LISTERIA what is the function of Act A

A
  1. allow listeria to enter cell

2. allow listeria to propel to next cell

46
Q

LISTERIA what kind of protein is Act A

A

invasin

47
Q

LISTERIA what happens when macrophages ingest listeria

A

listeria use listerolysin to break out of phagolysosome

48
Q

LISTERIA what 3 infections does listeria cause

A
  1. meningitis (meninges)
  2. encephalitis (brain tissue)
  3. sepsis (blood)
49
Q

LISTERIA what is mode of transmission

A

fecal oral

50
Q

LISTERIA how to treat listeria infections

A

antibiotics

51
Q

PHYSICAL what are neutrophiles

A

bacteria whose activity zone is pH 5 to 8

52
Q

PHYSICAL hypertonic solution

A
  • more particles outside cell
  • less articles inside cell
  • water leaves cell
  • cell shrinks (plasmolysis)
53
Q

PHYSICAL hypotonic solution

A
  • less particles outside cell
  • more particles inside cell
  • water enters cell
  • cell swells (+ bursts)
54
Q

PHYSICAL what does plasmolysis cause

A

inhibition of cell growth

55
Q

PHYSICAL in bacterial cell that is in hypertonic enviro what is resistant to plasmolysis

A

cell wall

56
Q

PHYSICAL what are obligate halophiles

A

bacteria that need high salt concentration to grow

57
Q

PHYSICAL what have obligate halophiles developed resistance to

A

hypertonic solutions

58
Q

PHYSICAL what are facultative halophiles

A

bacteria that tolerate salt

59
Q

PHYSICAL what 5 categories describe gas requirements for bacterial growth

A
  1. obligate aerobes
  2. facultative anaerobes
  3. obligate anaerobes
  4. aerotolerant anaerobes
  5. microaerophiles
60
Q

PHYSICAL what are obligate aerobes

A

only grow where oxygen is present

61
Q

PHYSICAL what are facultative anaerobes

A

prefer oxygen but can tolerate no oxygen

dispersed in liquid + layer at interface

62
Q

PHYSICAL what are strict anaerobes

A

only grow where oxygen is absent

63
Q

PHYSICAL what are aerotolerant anaerobes

A

prefer no oxygen but can tolerate oxygen

dispersed in liquid

64
Q

PHYSICAL what are microaerophiles

A

half

65
Q

CHEMICAL what do bacteria need chemical wise to grow

A
  1. sources of
    a. carbon
    b. nitrogen
    d. oxygen
    e. phosphorus
    f. sulfur
    g. trace elements
  2. organic growth factors
66
Q

ENVIRO what are intracellular bacteria

A

bacteria that need to live in eukaryotic host cell

67
Q

ENVIRO what does eukaryotic host cell provide bacteria

A
  1. energy

2. hiding place from WBC s

68
Q

how do bacteria grow

A

binary fission

69
Q

what is generation time

A

time it takes for bacteria to divide into 2

70
Q

what does generation time depend on

A
  1. growth medium

2. growth conditions

71
Q

what are 4 phases of bacterial growth

A
  1. lag
  2. log / exponential
  3. stationary
  4. death
72
Q

during what phase are bacteria effective

A

log/ exponential

73
Q

what are biofilms

A

communities of bacteria

74
Q

what are bacteria in biofilms resistant to

A

antibiotics

75
Q

why are bacteria in biofilms resistant to antibiotics

A

not in log phase

76
Q

what sterile nutrient material can bacteria be grown on

A
  1. agar

2. animal blood

77
Q

what is hemolysis

A

break down of RBC

78
Q

what is hemolysis used for

A

identifying streptococcus species

79
Q

what is alpha hemolysis

A

partial break down / clearing of RBC’s around + under colony

80
Q

what is beta hemolysis

A

complete break down / clearing of RBC’s around and under bacterial colony

81
Q

what is gamma hemolysis

A

no break down / clearing of RBC’s around and under bacterial colony

82
Q

what is differential media

A

media that separates bacteria into groups

83
Q

what is selective media

A

media that prevents growth of certain bacteria

MMI 133 (7 decks)

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