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Clin Sci: Biology sms1 > Lec 4: Lipids > Flashcards

Lec 4: Lipids Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

are lipids…

polymers?

non-polar/polar?

soluble/insoluble?

A

lipids are not polymers

they are non-polar

they are largely insoluble in water (but soluble in non-polar solvents)

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2
Q

what interactions cause lipids to group together in water?

A

hydrophobic

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3
Q

*NOTE*: Examples of lipids (5)

A

Fats

Oils

Waxes

Phospholipids

Steroids

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4
Q

what does a triglyceride contain?

A

3x fatty acids chains and 1x glycerol

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5
Q

what bonds link the fatty acid chains to the glycerol back bone ?

A

ester bond

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6
Q

in what process are triglycerides formed?

A

dehydration synthesis

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7
Q

in what reactions are triglycerides broken down?

what enzyme does this require?

A

hydrolysis

requires the enzyme: triglyceride lipase and H2O

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8
Q

where is triglyceride lipase found? what does it do?

A

found in the intestine

breaks down triglycerides

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9
Q

what is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid?

give examples

A

Saturated = contain single [C-C] bonds e.g palmitate

Unsaturated = contain 1 or more double [C=C] bond e.g Oleate

*a diagram of a saturated fatty acid looks

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10
Q

what are FFAs?

A

free fatty acids that are not part of a triglyceride

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11
Q

how do you name Omega FFAs?

A

go from the location of the first double bond, cound from the methyl end

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12
Q

what FFAS are essential (=cannot be synthesised in the body)

Omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids (e.g. α-linolenic acid)

Omega-6 (ω-6) fatty acids (e.g linoleic acid)

A
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13
Q

what do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids form?

A

SFAs form compact, closely packed triglycerides that are solid at toom temp e.g Palmitic acid (16 C) present in plant and animal fats

UFAs form loosely packed triglycerides due to cis double bonds, liquid at room temp e.g Olive oil (80% oleic acid (18 C)

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14
Q

what is the basic structure of steroids?

A

four fused carbon rings with various side groups attached

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15
Q

what is lanosterol and how is it formed?

A

lanosterol is the building block for all steroids

it is formed by the cyclization of sqaulene

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16
Q

give examples of steroids

A
  • cholesterol
  • sex hormones: Oestrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone
  • Corticosteroids: Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid), Cortisol (glucocorticoid)
  • Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) = a secosteroid
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17
Q

what is the name of this steroid? what type type of steroid does it fall under?

A

oestrogen *oest to the OHgen*

a sex hormone

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18
Q

what is the name of this steroid? what type of steroid does it fall under?

A

aldosterone *a lot of =O*

corticosteroids

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19
Q

what is the name of this steroid? what type of steroid does it fall under?

A

Vitamin D

a secosteroid

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20
Q

what are phospholipids?

A

Lipids with a phosphate group (PO42-) covalently bonded to the glycerol backbone instead of a fatty acid

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21
Q

which groups on a lipid molecule are polar and non polar

A

Phosphate group:

Polar Soluble in water (hydrophilic)

Head

Fatty acid groups:

Non-polar Insoluble

in water (hydrophobic) Tail

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22
Q

what are some examples of phospholipids

A

H (phosphatidic acid)

Ethanolamine (phosphatidylethanolamine)

Serine (phosphatidylserine)

Choline (phosphatidylcholine)

Inositol (phosphatidylinositol)

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23
Q

what is micelle?

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A

a spherical arrangement of lipid molecules

24
Q

what is bilayer?

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A

composed of two layers of lipids organised as a sheet

25
what is a glycolipid?
a lipid covently attached to an oligosaccharide It forms part of the cell membrane and glycocalyx It determines ABO blood group
26
what are lipoproteins?
Soluble complexes that transport lipids and synthesized in the liver they are
27
what is the glycocalyx
The glycocalyx, also known as the pericellular matrix, is a glycoprotein and glycolipid covering that surrounds the cell membranes of some bacteria, epithelia and other cells.
28
what is the central hydrophobic core of lipoprotein made up of?
Triglycerides Esterified cholesterol (cholesteryl ester) Small amounts of other lipids and fat soluble vitamins
29
what is the external hydrophllic layer of a lipoprotein?
- Phospholipids - Cholesterol (OH functional group outermost) - Apoproteins - stabilise structure and regulate enzymatic activity at the lipoprotein interface
30
Order the following lipoprotein in terms of size and density; chylomicron, VLDL (Very Low Density Lipoprotein), IDL (Intermediate Density Lipoprotein), LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein), HDL (High density lipoprotein)
Increasing in size order: HDL, LDL, IDL, VLDL, chylomicron density: Chylomicron, VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL
31
what does chylomicrons do? what apoprotein does it contain?
Chylomicrons carry dietary fat from small intestine to the liver contains the app: B-48
32
what does a VLDL do? what apoprotein does it contain?
Produced in liver from synthesised triglycerides and chloestrol esters and carry fat to target tissues appo E
33
what is a IDL and LDL? which apoproteins do they contain?
they are VLDLs which have had their triglycerides removed so they then become LDLs then IDLs LDL apo: Apo E IDL apo: Apo B-100
34
what does a HDL do? which apoprotein does it contain?
HDL carries cholesterol to the liver (“good cholesterol” reducing atherosclerosis) apo A-1
35
what do apoproteins do?
- stabilise structure and regulate enzymatic activity at the lipoprotein interface
36
what is the name given to a condition where the arteries become clogged with fatty material forming sites of fatty deposition called plaque? what can this condition trigger?
atherosclerosis heart attack/stroke
37
how is atherosclerosis caused?
- Development of atheroma (sits of plaque in your arteries) - deposition where hard scar forms ontop of the plaque - this narrows the vessel in which blood flows - this increases shear stress (friction from blood flow) - so if the plaque ruptures, it triggers thrombosis - closing of the vessel Could result in ishemic heart attack/ischemic stroke
38
where are triglycerides stored and what are they stored as?
TGs stored as lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of adipocyte cells in adipose tissue
39
what is white adipose tissue and what is it's function?
- made up of white fat cells which have a lipid droplet in the cytoplasm - cushions internal organs like a shock absorber - gives insulation, protecting internal organs from temperature changes and reducing skin heat loss
40
what is brown adpisose tissue and what is it's function?
brown adipose tissue is made up of brown fat cells which arise because off the mitochondria that generate heat and the numerous fat vacuoles -therefore they are useful for warmth
41
where are the white adipose tissue locatated?
42
where is the brown adipose tissue located?
\*Image shows Brown adipose depots in patients identified by deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-Dglucose ([18F]FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET)
43
what diseases are excess adipose tissue involved in?
atherosclerosis-narrowing of blood vessel thrombosis- clotting of circulating blood stenosis- abnormal narrowing of blood vessel aneurysms - blood filled bulge in a blood vessel wall
44
excess adipose tissue is now considered to be a major endrocine organ. What does this mean?
produces pro-inflammatory hormones such as leptin (affects appetite) and the cytokine TNFa (affects tissue)
45
what part of a nerve cell does a phospolipid form? how does this cell affect the function of the cell?
-phospholipids form the myelin insulation around nerve fibres myelin increases the speed of nervous impulses
46
what cells produce myelin and how do they produce it?
Schwann cells produce myelin peripherally (nerves and ganglia outside cns) Oligodendrocytes produce myelin centrally (brain/spinal cord)
47
what do vitamin A,D,E and K have in common?
they are all fat soluble
48
what are examples of Vitamin A and how does it benefit the body?
retinol/retinoic acid/carotenoids gives you healthy teeth, skin, sight
49
what are examples of vitamin D and how does it benefit the body?
cholecalciferol and derivatives Helps body absorb Ca2+ for healthy bones
50
what is vitamin E and how does it benefit the body?
a tocopherol (antioxidant) found in oils Anti-oxidant, protects cells from damage
51
what are examples of vitamin K? how does it benefit the body?
phylloquinone and menaquinone Important for coagulation of blood
52
what are eicosanoids?
they are 20 carbon fatty acids dervied from omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids
53
what are the three types of eicosanoid hormones?
Prostaglandins (inflammation, vascular tone) Leukotrienes (asthma and allergy) Thromboxanes (vascular tone, platelet aggregation)
54
how do lipids prevent moisture loss?
- skin moisture loss is prevented by lipid layers - comeocytes (skin cells) are held together by lipid rich matrix (like a glue) that holds the skin together
55
how do lipids reduce moisture loss from the cornea?
- the eye has several different layers - the lipid (oil) layer is hyrdophobic which lubricates and prevents evaporation from the eye - then you have the meibormian gland which create a lipid tear film
56
what benefits do lipids have?
phospholipid bilayer- provides protection from surrounding environment and anchoring to extracellular structures and other cells required for tissue formation TGs and FFAs- energy rich C-H bonds available for chemical reactions WAT- insulators and protection from temperature changes BAT- generating body heat phospolipid- form myelin which increase speed of nerve impulses lipids- reduce skin moisture
57

Clin Sci: Biology sms1 (11 decks)

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