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Ecology > Lec 6 > Flashcards

Lec 6 Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Involves direct interaction between individuals

A

Interference Competition

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2
Q

Is a condition where there is a limited supply of resources

A

Resource Limitation

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3
Q

Takes place when members of the same species compete

A

Intraspecific Competition

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4
Q

Happens between individuals of two species that reduces the fitness of both

A

Interspecific Competition

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5
Q

Competition involving the use of limited resources is called

A

Exploitative Competition or Resource Competition

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6
Q

Tilman and Cowan (1989)

A

Intraspecific Competition Among Plants

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7
Q

As the stand of trees develops, more and more biomass is composed of fewer and fewer individuals, a process called

A

Self-thinning

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8
Q

Denno and Roderick (1992)

A

Intraspecific Competition In Animals

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9
Q

Grosholz (1992)

A

Interference Competition Among Terrestrial Isopods

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10
Q

G.F. Gause (1934)

A

Competitive Exclusion and Niches

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11
Q

States that two species with identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely

A

Competitive Exclusion Principle

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12
Q

Linked differences in beak size and form among Darwin’s finches to differences in their feeding niches

A

David Lack (1947)

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13
Q

Represented the feeding niches of Darwin’s finches by their beak morphology

A

Peter Grant (1986)

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14
Q

Large ground finch, eats larger seeds

A

Geospiza magnirostris

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15
Q

Medium ground finch, eats medium-sized seeds

A

Geospiza fortis

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16
Q

Small ground finch, eats small seeds

A

Geospiza fuliginosa

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17
Q

Niche overlap and competition between barnacles

A

The barnacle Balanus balanoides, located in the middle and lower Intertidal zones. While the Chthamalus stellatus, located in the upper Intertidal zone.

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18
Q

Indicate that the Balanus is limited to the middle and lower intertidal zones because it cannot withstand the longer exposure to air in the upper intertidal zone.

A

Joseph Connell (1961)

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19
Q

Is the circumstances in which two species differ more from each other in geographic areas where they occur together than where their distributions do not overlap

A

Character Displacement

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20
Q

Mark Taper and Ted Case (1992) six criteria for character displacement

A
  1. Morphological differences
  2. Genetic basis
  3. Different founder populations
  4. Known effect
  5. Demonstrated competition
  6. Differences in the resources available
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21
Q

Enhances the fitness of one individual while reducing the fitness of the exploited individual

A

Exploitative Interaction

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22
Q

Consume live plant material but do not usually kill plants

A

Herbivores

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23
Q

Kill and consume other organisms

A

Predators

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24
Q

Live on the tissues of their host, often reducing the fitness of the host, but do not generally killing it

A

Parasites

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25
An insect whose larva consumes it's host and kills it in the process
Parasitoid
26
Induce disease, a debilitating condition, in their host
Pathogens
27
Is when one organism makes its living at the expense of another
Exploitation
28
Also known as the spiny-headed worms, that change the behavior of amphipods, small aquatic crustaceans
Acanthocephalans
29
Uninfected amphipods avoid the light
Negative phototaxis
30
Infected amphipods swim toward light
Positive phototaxis
31
Bethel and Holmes (1977)
Positive phototaxis
32
A life stage of Acanthocephalan where it starts to infect it's host
Cystacanth
33
A process where plants grow tall quickly
Bolting
34
Flower-like leaves
Pseudoflower
35
Thomas park (1948)
Predation, parasitism, and competition in populations of Tribolium
36
Flour bettle
Tribolium confusum
37
Body cavity of bettle
Haemocoel
38
Studied the influence of a herbivorous stream insect on the algal and bacterial populations upon which it feeds
Gary Lamberti and Vincent Resh (1983)
39
They make up about 25% of the total biomass of benthic animals
Helicopsyche
40
Mites that infesting red foxes in the North-central Sweden
Sarcoptes scabiei
41
Proposed that cycles of abundance on snowshoe hare and lynx populations are driven by variation in amount of solar radiation as a consequence of sunspot cycles
Charles Elton (1924)
42
Are situations in which members of an exploited population have some protection from predators and parasites
Refuges
43
Variety of Refuges
Flight for birds. Large size for some animals like elephant
44
Many forms of spatial refuge
1. Burrows 2. Trees 3. Air 4. Water 5. Land
45
Living in a large group provides a type of refuge
Protection in Numbers
46
Results in increasing rate of food intake as prey density increases
Predator functional response
47
Results in increased predator density as prey density increases
Numerical response
48
Functional response and numerical response are put together
Combined response
49
Takes place when prey can endure their individual probability of being eaten by occurring at very high densities
Predator satiation
50
The result of prey avoiding high-risk situations
The ecology of fear
51
Proposed an alternative approach which focused on the functional response of predators
Roger Arditi
52
States that functional response is determined only by the abundance of the prey
Prey-dependent functional response
53
Are interactions between individuals of different species that benefit both partners
Mutualism
54
An interaction between two species benefits one of them, while the other is neither benefited nor harmed
Commensalism
55
Relationships of some species can live without their mutualistic partners
Facultative mutualism
56
Relationships where other species are so dependent upon the mutualistic relationship that they cannot live in it absence
Obligate mutualism
57
Examples of plant mutualism
1. Nitrogen fixation 2. Nutrient absorption 3. Pollination 4. Seed dispersal
58
Was the first to correctly recognize that mycchorhizae involve a mutualistic relation between plants and fungi
Albert B. Frank
59
Two common types of mychorrhizae
1. Arbuscular mychorrhizal fungi (AMF) 2. Ectomycorrhizae (ECM)
60
Mychorrhizae and the water balance of plants
Kay Hardie (1985)
61
Leaflet tips modified into concentrated food sources called
Beltian bodies
62
Reef-building corals and unicellular algae
Zooxanthellae
63
Is growth in which all cell constituents, such as nitrogen, carbon, and DNA, increased at the same rate
Balanced growth
64
Producing fixed carbon at a much higher rate than other cell constituents
Unbalanced growth
65
Three kinds of individuals
1. Successful mutualists 2. Unsuccessful mutualists 3. Nonmutualists
66
Give and receive measurable benefits to another organism
Successful mutualists
67
Give benefits to another organism but, for some reason, do not receive any benefit in return
Unsuccessful mutualists
68
Neither giving nor receiving benefit from a mutualistic partner
Nonmutualists
69
The fitness of plant that produces extrafloral nectaries and that successfully attracts ants effective at guarding it
Successful
70
The fitness of a plant that produces extrafloral nectaries but that has not attracted enough ants to mount a successful defense
Unsuccessful
71
The fitness of individuals of a plant such as Helianthella that does not produce extrafloral nectaries
Nonmutualistic
72
Three variables decrease as distance to the nest decreases Sign of honeyguide when near to the nest
1. The time the bird stays out of sight during it's first disappearance following the initial encounter 2. The distance between stops makes by the bird on the way to the bees' nest 3. The height of the perch on the way to the nest

Ecology (6 decks)

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