Lec 7 - explaining the 6-dimensional model Flashcards
(21 cards)
What seems to be the trend with the global distribution of the PDI?
Higher power distance for non-Western cultures, e.g. MMexico, Russia, Eastern europe, etc…
PDI: How does a culture handle inequality?
They were asked 3 questions:
1. Are employees afraid to disagree with their managers
2. How do employees see their boss’s decision-making style
3. What kind of boss do employees prefer
PDI can measure how much a culture accepts and expects inequality in an employee-boss relationship
- If employees are afraid to speak up => higher power distance
- Autocratic - controlling VS paternalistic - more like a parent
High Power Distance cultures => more autocratic - High power distance cultures => may prefer stronge and directive leaders
What are the implications of power distance in a culture? (3)
Increased power distance is more impactful in obedience to authority
Higher power distance and the use of honorifics
Lower power distance can lead to downfall of groupthink => conforming to reach a group consensus
What are the possible causes of power distance? (4)
Smaller populations => lower PDI: smaller societies know each other better, bonding and not as hierarchal
Higher wealth => lower PDI: to not hinder and allow autonomy to excel in modern profitable industries
Colder regions (higher latitudes) => lower PDI: vegetation is not reliable (geography) so you take care of yourself, authority isn’t helpful with ensure food provision and safety
Confucisanism/Eastern cultures emphasizing the 5-righteous relationships => Higher PDI
How the scores reflect individualism
=> Eastern places has the lowest individualistic scores
View on personal time => job should leave you enough time for personal life (independence / self-sufficiency)
View on freeaom => autonomy to adopt your own approach to the job
View on challenge => have challenging work which you can get a personal sense of accomplishment
Collectivism vs Individualism traits
Individualistic: emphasizes on individual-based identity, look after yourself, loose personal ties
Collectivistic: group-based identity (sense of achievement), respect towards elders (filial piety), differential in-group (closer bonding) and outgroup ties
Implications of Individualism and Collectivism
(IND) are guilt-driven actions (because of your inner standards) whereas (COL) are shame-driven actions (comparison of perceptions with others)
Language: pronoun drop in collectivistic cultures
- use of Hai, better to say yes than no
- no left-handedness to maintain group harmony
(IND): confrontative
(COL): tolerant / adaptive (avoid conflict)
Possible causes of individualism / collectivism
Driven by geographies and weather
=> rice-wheat culture
Higher latitudes => ability to fend for themselves in unpredictable environments
Masculinity vs Femininity (gender identity) global distribution
More feminine: Scandinavian countries
Low masculinity: Western Europe
Moderately Masculine: North America
Moderate to high masculinity: Latin America
High masculinity: East Asia
Masculinity vs Femininity in society
MASC: focuses on ambition, acquisition of wealth, clear distinction between traditional gender roles
FEMN: caring and nuturing behvaiors, employment security, more fluid gender roles, gender equality
If both genders respond very differently on the questionnaire items, this could imply gender typing in the culture => gender roles reinforced
The LinkedIn effect - Masculinity and Individualism
These 2 dimensions are independent to each other (orthogonal)
Individualistic that are masculine - USA and feminine - Netherlands
USA: assertive and bold resume is appropriate, but considered exaggerated for the Dutch
Netherlands: modest and accurate resume that is considered underwhelming for the US
=> they have different standards
Implications of Masc./Femn. in differences between the societies
implicit erotic symbolism and openness
reaction to competition and failure
Masculine societies: taboo subjects, judgment towards physical body (shame), erotic symbolism but these themes are indirect => could view as needing a warning e.g. book covers
Feminine societies: more open (not a big deal), more support for the rights and well-being, less body shaming => could be seen as accepted and beautiful
Competition and failure:
Masc.: more aggressive and competitive. Failure can lead to serious issues
Possible causes of Masculinity
Religious beliefs and political ideology
Right-wing authoritarianism
Global distribution of uncertainty avoidance index
Higher uncertainty avoidance: Russia, Japan, Latin America, most of Europe
=> seeks more clarification
Moderate UAI: North America, Australia, Southeast Asia
Low UAI: Nordic countries, East Asia, Southeast Asia
=> Comfort with ambiguity and fluidity
Global distribution of long-term orientation
Only dimension predicted GDP
(increased LTO, increased GDP)
Exceptionally high: China, Eastern Europe, Japan and Korea, Germany
Moderate: Brazil, India, Pakistan, Southeast Asia, Central Europe and Southern Europe
Exceptionally low: North America, Australia, Latin America, Nordic countries
Short-term vs Long-term Orientation
Short-term: tends to be many Western cultures (enjoy yourself, you don’t know future)
- efforts produce quick results
- marriage is a moral arrangement
- children get gifts for fun and love
- weaker math and science peformance
Long-term: delayed gratification
- sustained efforts toward slow results
- marriage is pragmatic
- children gets gifts for education (their future)
- stronger math and science performance
Implications of LTO / possible causes
LTO => more savings
Eastern philosophies on perseverance
Also uncertainties and passivity in sedentary agricultural societies
Global distribution of indulgence (IVR)
Low: Eastern Europe, Most of Asia
Moderate: Latin America, Southern Europe
High: North America, Northern Europe, West Europe, Australia
Indulgence vs Restraint
Tendency to allow for gratification => basic and natural human desires to enjoying life and having fun
Restraint: such gratification needs to be regulated by strict social norms
=> predicts happiness and smiling frequency
=> Happiness is not really associated with economic GDP, higher indulgence, higher happiness
Possible causes of IVR
Eastern philosophy values suffering before being happy
Ecological/agricultural causes:
due to uncertainty in cultivation => you have to save up and plan for the future
West: find other sources
