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Psychology 101 > Lec 7: Learning > Flashcards

Lec 7: Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

a change in behavior, resulting from experience

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2
Q

Conditioning

A

associations develop through a process in which environmental stimuli and behavioral responses become connected

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3
Q

Classical (Pavlonian) conditioning

A

a neutral object elicits a response because it has been associated with a stimulus that already produces that response

two types of events occur together

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4
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

a stimulus that elicits a response like a reflex w/out any prior learning

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5
Q

unconditioned response

A

a response that does not have to be learned, such as a reflex

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6
Q

neutral stimulus

A

a stimulus that does not elicit any reflex

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7
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place

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8
Q

conditioned response

A

a response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has been learned

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9
Q

CC example

A

1) Food (US) causes dog to salivate (UR)
2) metronome (NS) doesn’t cause the dog to salivate (UR)
3) During conditioning trials, clicking metronome (NS) is presented to a dog with the food (US)
4) During critical trials, the clicking metronome becomes the conditioned stimulus and is presented without the food and the dog’s response is measured
5) dog associates metronome with food, causing him to salivate

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10
Q

acquisition

A

gradual formation of an association btw the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus

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11
Q

critical element in the acquisition of a learned association is

A

time or contiguity

conditioned response is stronger when there is a very brief delay btw the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus

you can’t imagine that the dogs would salivate if the metronome was presented hours after the food

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12
Q

extinction

A

if the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response disappears

ex: if the metronome (CS) was presented without the food (US) the dog would not have salivated because it wouldn’t associate the metronome with the food

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13
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

a previously extinguished response reemerges after the presentation of the Conditioned stimulus

recovery will fade again unless the CS is paired with the US

extinction inhibits the associative bond, but does not eliminate it

ex: after extinction of salivation response, if the metronome is presented after some time, there may be a response of salivation, but in order to maintain that response you need to keep pairing the metronome with the food

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14
Q

stimulus generalization

A

responding to stimuli that are similar but not identical to the CS produce the CR

ex: you can classically condition a dog to salivate after it hears a 1000 Hz sound. after the CR is established, tones similar to 1000 will also produce salivation. the farther the tones are from 1000, the less the dog will salivate

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15
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

subjects learn to differentiate between two similar stimuli if one is consistently associated with the US and one is not

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16
Q

Phobia

A

an acquired fear that is out of proportion to the real threat of an object or situation

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17
Q

fear conditioning

A

the process of classically conditioning animals to fear neutral objects

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18
Q

Tabula rasa

A

JB Watson argued that the infant mind was a blank slate and that the environment and its effects on behavior were the sole dominants of learning

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19
Q

Little Albert experiment

A

Watson taught a 9 month old boy to fear neutral objects

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20
Q

Counterconditioning

A

type of phobia treatment

exposing a patient to small doses of the feared stimulus while they engage in an enjoyable task

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21
Q

systematic desensitization

A

type of phobia treatment

CS–>CR1 (fear) connection can be broken by developing a CS–>CR2 (relaxation) connection

1) client is taught to relax their muscles
2) client is asked to imagine the feared object or situation while continuing to use the relaxation methods
3) client is exposed to the feared object during relaxation excercises

22
Q

Drug tolerance and situation

A

The body has learned to expect the drug in that location and
compensates by altering neurochemistry or physiology to metabolize it

Conversely, if addicts take their usual large doses in novel settings, they
are more likely to overdose because their bodies will not respond
sufficiently to compensate

23
Q

exposure

A

helps extinguish responses to the cues and

prevents them from triggering crav

24
Q

Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning

A

learning that a behavior leads to a particular outcome

25
Q

Reinforcer

A

a stimulus that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated

26
Q

skinner box

A

an operant chamber that allowed repeated conditioning trials without requiring interaction from the experimenter

contained a lever connected to a food supply

allowed learning research to be done
more quantitatively and objectively, by making
the rate of response a dependent variable
that can then be studied experimentally

27
Q

shaping

A

an operant conditioning technique that consists of reinforcing behaviors that are similar to the desired behavior

ex: teaching a dog to roll over
initially reward the dog for any behavior that resembles rolling over such as lying down and once this behavior is established, you reinforce behaviors more selectively

28
Q

reward successive approximations

A

any behavior that even slightly resembles the desired behavior

29
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

satisfy biological needs such as food and water

30
Q

secondary reinforcers

A

events or objects established through classical conditioning that serve as reinforcers but do not satisfy biological needs

ex: money or compliments

31
Q

Premack principle

A

using a more valued activity can reinforce the performance of a less valued activity

ex: eat your spinach and you get ice cream

32
Q

positive reinforcement

A

the administration of a stimulus to increase the probability of behavior being repeated

ex: giving a reward to encourage to encourage an action
mice: press the lever, they get food

33
Q

negative reinforcement

A

the removal of an upleasant stimulus to increase the probability of a behavior being repeated

ex: removing something bad to encourage an action

if a rat pressed a lever to turn off the electric shock

34
Q

Punishment

A

reduces the probability that a behavior will reoccur

35
Q

positive punishment

A

the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior returning

ex: delivering something bad to discourage an action

a rat receiving a shock for pressing the lever

36
Q

negative punishment

A

removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior returning

ex: removing something good to discourage an action

taking away driving privileges for bad behavior

37
Q

Continous reinforcement

A

a type of learning in which behavior is reinforced each time it occurs

38
Q

partial reinforcement

A

a type of learning in which behavior is reinforced intermittently

PR’s effect on conditioning depends on the reinforcement schedule

39
Q

partial reinforcement can be administered according to either

A

the number of behavioral responses or the passage of time

40
Q

interval schedule

A

reinforcement is provided after a specific unit of time

41
Q

ratio schedule

A

reinforcement is based on the number of times the behavior occurs

generally leads to greater responding than does interval reinforcement

42
Q

fixed ratio

A

reinforcement is provided after a specific number of occurrences or after a specific amount of time

ex: you are paid each time you complete a chore

43
Q

variable ratio

A

BEST ONE
reinforcement is provided at different rates or at different times

ex: a slot machine pays off on average every few pulls, but you never know which pull will pay

44
Q

variable interval

A

you listen to the radio to hear your fave song but you do not know when you’ll hear it

45
Q

fixed interval

A

when quizzes are scheduled at fixed intervals, students study only when the quiz is going to be given (grade is the reinforcer)

46
Q

latent learning

A

takes place in the absence of overt reinforcement

47
Q

positive reinforcement works in two ways

A

provides the subjective experience of pleasure

increases desire for the object or event that produced the reward

48
Q

intracranial self-stimulation

A

self-administered shock to pleasure centers (dopamine related regions) of the brain

49
Q

dopamine

A

serves as the neurochemical basis of positive reinforcement in conditioning

50
Q

model based learning

A

imitation of behavior through observational learning
only works if observer is physically capable of imitating the behavior

ex: adolescents who associate smoking with admirable figures are more likely to begin smoking

51
Q

Law of Effect

A

any behavior that leads to a “satisfying state of affairs” is likely to occur again and any behavior that leads to an “annoying state of affairs” is less likely to occur again

52
Q

observational learning

A

the acquisition or modification of a behavior after exposure to at least one performance of that behavior

ex: exposing children to violence may encourage them to act aggressively

Psychology 101 (8 decks)

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