Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

hmb201 > lec 8 - regenerative medicine > Flashcards

lec 8 - regenerative medicine Flashcards

(61 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

tissue engineering

A

cells used to restore, maintain or improve damaged tissues and organs –> to cure and improve quality of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

fetal tissue grafts

A

using fetal cells to treat neurodegenerative diseases and spinal cord injuries –> fetal neurons can divide and replenish (unlike adult ones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

fetal tissue grafts

ethical concern

A

human fetal tissue originates from embryos or fetuses of accident victims or legal abortions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

organ transplantation

A

using an organ from another human donor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

main issue with organ transplants

A

organ rejection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

tissue typing

A
  • matching major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins of donor and recipient
  • recipients must take immunosuppressive drugs their whole life
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

autografting

A

using patient’s own tissue from one region of body to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

example of autografting

A

CABG (vein from leg as bypass in heart)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

xenotransplantation

A

using organs from different species in humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

most common animals used for xenotransplants

A
  • pigs –> most similar in size and function to humans
  • heart valves, skin, nerve grafts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

risks of xenotransplants

A

organ rejection and viral disease transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

solution to risks of xenotransplants

A

design pigs to be deficient in an enzyme that’s toxic to humans and inactivate the retrovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cellular therapeutics

A

replacing defective tissues or delivering important biological molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

biocapsules

A
  • encapsulate donor or genetically engineered cells to avoid immune rejection
  • tiny holes in wall, permeable to nutrient exchange –> allows molecules to be released into bloodstream or tissue (lasting release)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

tissue engineering relies on 4 factors

A
  • right cells to do the job
  • right environment (scaffold to support cells)
  • right biomolecules (e.g. growth factors) to make cells healthy and productive
  • physical and mechanical forces to influence cell development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

tissue engineering process

A

design framework or scaffold –> seed scaffold with human cells –> bathe in nutrient-rich media –> cells build layers and assume shape of scaffold –> physical and mechanical influences shape cell development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

example of tissue engineering

A

seeded cow knee chondrocyte cells onto the back of a mouse –> outer ear grew on back of mouse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

organoids

A

3D cell-culture models that phenocopy organs and tissues –> recreate multicellular interactions and physiological interfaces in small form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

add fluid flow and organ-level mechanical cues…

A
  • breathing mechanisms of human lungs
  • circulating immune cells trafficking thru perfused microvasculature
  • cross interactions with living microbiotas and other organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

tissue chips

A

replicates complexity of human body (biological processes, disease states) –> screening, preclinical trials, biosensors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

lung organoid on a chip

A
  • membrane separating 2 channels represent alveoli
  • add breathing mechanism (cyclical stretching)
  • expose them to microenvironments that lungs experience
  • multiorgan interactions: chips connect heart, lungs, liver thru microfluidic array
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

disease on a dish

A

take patient-derived cells and test directly –> predict drug responses in clinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cancer organoid biobank

A

normal tissue –> mutagenize to see effects or take from real cancer cells –> determine which drug works best for specific cancers (personalize treatments)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

gut on a dish

A

reproduces main features of intestinal inflammation to predict melanoma patient’s response to immunotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
retina on a dish
- combines stem cell technology with gene editing --> treat inherited blindness - determine which works best before applying to human
26
3D bioprinter
skin printer to heal servere burns thru uniform sheet of biomaterial --> promotes skin regeneration and reduces scarring
27
brain organoids
to understand the human brain much better --> prints different layers of brain
28
biobank of venomous reptiles
frozen venomes to study complexity of them without handling live snakes
29
organoid advantages
- no testing on animals before human drug trials - more accurate
30
living robots
grew sheet of nerve cells in culture --> wound them by scratching sheet --> added clusters of anthrobots to dish --> bridge of nerve tissue formed across scratch where anthrobots settled --> healed injury
31
human embryonic stem cells (hESCs)
- from inner cell mass of blastocyst - self-renew indefinitely and most pluripotent
32
cell lines
cultured cells maintained and grown successively --> stimulated to differentiate into specific types of cells
33
first test tube baby
thru in vitro fertilization (IVF) --> add eggs and sperm to dish --> embryo forms
34
what happens to left over embryos?
frozen for future use, discarded, or donated to research
35
hESCs ethical concern
their source (early human embryo)
36
amniotic fluid-derived stem cells (AFSCs)
- isolated from amniotic fluid --> coaxed to become different types of cells - no clear difference btw hESCs and AFSCs
37
amniotic stem cell bank
companies specializing in cryopreservation and private banking of AFSCs (in case future child needs them)
38
adult stem cells (ASCs)
- in mature adult tissue --> in specific area of each tissue - once removed from body, capacity to divide is limited - form specialized cell types of tissue in which they reside
39
stem cell niche
specific area in tissue where ASCs are --> very small number of stem cells in each tissue
40
induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)
- reprogramming of somatic cells using yamanaka factors (4 transcription factors) into patient-specific iPSCs - self-renewing, pluripotent
41
# list (6) iPSCs challenges
- inefficient to produce - require constant feeding to maintain viable cell lines - low viability once stored frozen - prome to forming tumors - sometimes spontaenous differentiation into mature cell types in culture - difficult to use for directing differentiation into particular cell types
42
# SC applications growing healthy tissues
using tissue engineering for regenerative medicine and research
43
# SC applications genetic manipulation for...
delivering or editing genes in gene therapy
44
iPSCs regenerative medicine
iPSCs derived from skin or blood --> create sheet of muscle cells --> released correct growth factors that helped regenerate damaged muscle
45
nervous system injuries
- ASCs isolated from human brain used to make neurons in culture - hESCs differentiated to form neurons
46
# SC applications therapeutic cells for cell-based therapy
parkinson's disease --> iPSCs coaxed to differentiate into retinal pigment epithelium cells --> grow into sheet for implantation --> stopped progression of macular degeneration
47
self-donation
bank of iPSCs from diverse donors makes stem cell transplants more convenient while cutting costs
48
junctional epidermolysis bullosa
boy with 80% skin gone --> grew cells in culture with WT gene onto sheet using ASCs --> introduced using retrovirus --> saved his life
49
# list (4) stem cell application challenges
- controlling differentiation of stem cells into desired tissue - control spread of cells to other parts of body - hESCs have formed teratomas (tumor of various differentiated cells) - avoid chromosomal abnormalities when stem cells differentiate
50
stem cell use policy
- no international policy governing stem cell use - regulation varies worldwide
51
stem cell tourism
ppl traveling to countries where therapeutic cloning is legal
52
cell reprogramming
as alternative to stem cell therapies --> remove a cell's specific markers (don't go all the way back to stem cell stage)
53
# cell reprogramming cancer therapeutics
reprogram cancer cells into fat cells --> prevented tumors from growing and spreading
54
maturation phase transient reprogramming
erasing age-related markers of skin cells without losing skin identity
55
reproductive cloning
- nucleus from donor --> introduce nucleus into egg --> embryo - cloned individual identical DNA to donor
56
# list (4) reproductive cloning cons
- inefficient - unethical - immoral - unsafe
57
therapeutic cloning
inner cell mass from blastocyst as source of stem cells --> embryo then destroyed
58
hESCs and cloning regulation in canada
illegal to knowingly create human clone, regardless of purpose
59
growing human organs in pig
introduce iPSCs into pig fetus missing key TF for pancreatic development --> only pigs that grow pancreas are those with human stem cells in them --> transplant organ generated in pig into human
60
result of human-pig chimera
don't grow well --> few human cells survive
61
human-monkey chimeras
monkey blastocyst --> inject human stem cells --> don't know where cells go to develop

hmb201 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions