Lec Module 1-4 Flashcards by Song Riseul

deals with preventing disease, prolonging life, education of community for personal hygiene, prevention and control of community infections, promotes physical health for sanitation of the environment.

PUBLIC HEALTH

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group of people with common characteristics or interests living together within territory or geographical boundary.

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medical intervention or approach which is concerned with the health of the whole population.

COMMUNITY HEALTH

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focuses on healing patients

Public health

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focuses on preventing diseases.

Medical care

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is a network of health facilities and personnel which carries out the task of rendering health care to the people.

HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM

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is a complex set of organizations interacting to provide an array of health services

PHILIPPINE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM

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The mission of the DOH

in partnership with the people to ensure equity, quality and access to health care: - by making services available - by arousing community awareness - by mobilizing resources - by promoting the means to better health.

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TWO DIVISIONS OF HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM

Government/Public sector
Private sector
Mixed sector

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can be national (DOH) or local (LGUs)

Government/Public sector

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hospital, health insurance, manufacturer of medicines and vaccines, clinics and other related health services

Private sector

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Phil. Heart Association, Phil. National Red Cross, Phil. Tuberculosis Society, etc.

Mixed sector

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TEN ESSENTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES

Monitor health status to identify community health problems.
Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community.
Inform, educate and empower people about health issues.
Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems.
Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts.
Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety.
Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable.
Assure a competent public health and personal healthcare workforce.
Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility and quality of personal and population-based health services.
Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems.

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traditional health care (herbs & rituals)
dispensary of indigent patients of Manila

pre-Spanish and Spanish periods (before 1898)

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creation of E. Aguinaldo government of Department of Public Works, Education & Hygiene

June 23, 1898

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gen. order no. 15 established the Board of Health for the City of Manila

September 29, 1898

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Act no. 157: Board of Health of Philippine Islands
Acts no, 307 & 308: provincial and municipal boards

July 1, 1901

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Act no. 1407: establishment of Bureau of Health

October 26, 1905

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Act no. 2156 (Fajardo Act): health fund for travel and salaries

1912

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Act no. 2568: from BOH to Philippine Health Service “ semi-military system of public health administration”

1915

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Act 2711 w/c included the Public Health Law of 1917

August 2, 1916

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Act no. 4007: Reorganization Act of 1932

1932

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Commonwealth act no. 430 created the Department of Public Health & Welfare, but was only completed through E.O. no. 317, Jan. 7, 1941
Dr. Jose Fabella became its first secretary

May 31, 1939

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E.O. no. 94: post war reorganizaton of the Department of Health & Public Welfare
resulted in the split of Department of Public Welfare (w/c became Social Welfare Administration) and Philippine General Hospital to the Office of the President
another split between curative (Bureau of Hospitals) & preventive services (Bureau of Health)
Nursing Service Division was also established

October 4, 1947

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conversion of Sanitary District to Rural Health Unit, carrying the ff. Services: maternal & child health environmental health communicable disease control vital statistics medical care health education public health nursing resulted in passage of Rural Health Act of 1954 (RA 1082)

January 1,1951

conceptualization of the Restructured Health Care Delivery System (primary, secondary & tertiary levels of care)

1970

P.D. 1937 renamed DOH to Ministry of Health during the Martial Law Sec. Gatmaitan was the 1st minister of health

June 2, 1978

E.O. 851 reorganized Ministry of Health as an integrated health care delivery system through the creation of Integrated Provincial Health Office, combining the public health and hospital operations under the PHOs

December 2. 1982

E.O. no. 119: MOH was back in the name Department of Health by President Cory Aquino

April 13, 1987

RA 7160 known as the Local Government Code: all structures, personnel & budgetary allocations from the provincial health level down to the brgy were devolved to the LGU to facilitate health service delivery From PROVINCIAL TO LOCAL GOVERNMENT (devolution/ devolved health sector)

October 10, 1991

E.O. 102 “Redirecting the Functions & Operations of the DOH” by Pres. Joseph Estrada

May 24, 1999

Development of the Health Sector Reform Agenda

1999-2004

development of a plan to rationalize the bureaucracy in an attempt to scale down including the DOH

2005 to present

The DOH is the leader, staunch advocate and model in promoting health for all in the Philippines

VISION

Guarantee equitable, sustainable and quality health for all Filipinos, especially the poor and shall lead the quest for excellence in health.

MISSION

first contact between the community and different health workers such as doctors, nurses, midwives in a barangay health centers. Caters to patient with minor supervision. This also includes malaria eradication units, schistosomiasis control units operated by the DOH; puericulture centers,tuberculosis clinics and hospitals, clinics operated by the Philippine Medical Association, clinics operated by industrial firms for their employees; community hospitals and health centers operated by the Philippine Medicare Care Commission and other health facilities operated by voluntary religious and civic groups (Williams-Tungpalan, 1981).

PRIMARY LEVEL OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES

are the smaller, non-departmentalized hospitals which involves municipal, district, provincial, emergency and regional hospitals. Serves as referral center with basic training and can perform minor surgeries and some laboratory analysis. It contains all the elements in the primary level.

SECONDARY LEVEL OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES

are the highly technological and sophisticated services offered by medical centers and large hospitals. These are the specialized national hospitals with high level of specialty intervention. Services rendered at this level are for clients afflicted with diseases which seriously threaten their health and which require highly technical and specialized knowledge, facilities and personnel to treat effectively

TERTIARY LEVEL OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES

(asthma weed, Gatas-gatas, Boto-botones) Anti-asthmatic Cough, bronchitis Anti-malarial Anti-inflammatory Antioxidant Antibacterial Antifungal Anthelmintic

Tawa tawa

(Currant Tree, Mao luang, Salamander tree, Queensland cherry) Antioxidant Antidiabetic Antimicrobial For dysentery Regulates blood pressure Appetite suppressant Gastroprotective Immunobooster

Bignay

(Misai Kucing, Balbas pusa, Java tea, Kidney Tea) Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory Antihypertensive Antidiabetic Antirheumatic Anti-gout Diuretic Neuroprotective

Balbas Pusa

(Gotu kola, Indian Pennywort) Antioxidant Anticonvulsant Gastroprotective Improves digestion Antihypertensive Antihyperlgycemic Good for the skin and hair Antimicrobial

Takip Kuhol

(Lampuyana, Dafronaya, Tampunaya, Daponaya, Painted Nettle) Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory Antihypertensive Antimicrobial Antihistaminic/Anti-allergy Treatment for headache Treatment for swelling For sinusitis

Mayana

(Andrographis, King of Bitters) Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory Antihypertensive Antihyperglycemic/Anti-diabetic Antipyretic Immunobooster Antibacterial Antifungal Antiviral

Sinta

(Wild Tea, Forest Tea, Philippine Tea, Fukien Tea, Carmona, Chaang Bundok) Antidiarrheal Antispasmodic Anti-allergic Antinociceptive Anti-inflammatory Antibacterial Antioxidant Analgesic

Tsaang Gubat

(Wild Marjoram) Antioxidant Improves digestive health Improves cardiovascular health Improves digestive health Improves cardiovascular health Antimicrobial Antiviral Antiparasitic

Philippine Oregano

Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory Antiseptic/Antimicrobial Antihyperglycemic Diuretic Antipyretic Improves metabolism Anti-gout Insect repellant

Tanglad

(Florida Cranberry, Red Sorrel, Jamaica Sorrel, Karkade) Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory Antihypertensive Antihyperglycemic/Anti-diabetic Anti-obesity Boosts immunity Supports cardiovascular health Supports digestive system

Rosel

set of learning experiences aimed at helping individuals an communities improve their health by increasing their knowledge and/or influencing their attitudes.

Health Education

is concerned with measures to control infectious disease risks and environmental hazards (such as chemicals, poisons, and radiation), including public health emergencies.

Health Protection

is concerned with societal interventions (e.g. in housing, education, employment, family/community life, andlifestyle) that are not primarily delivered through health services,aimed at preventing disease, promoting health, and reducing inequalities.

Health improvement

Older people are biologically prone to being in poorer health than adolescents due to the physical and cognitive effects of aging.

Biology and Genetics

Availability of resources to meet daily needs such as educational and job opportunities Exposure to crime, violence and social disorder Socioeconomic conditions Quality schools Transportation Residential segregation

Social Determinants

Worksites, schools and recreational settings Housing, homes and neighborhoods Exposure to toxic substances and other physical hazards Physical barriers, especially for people with disabilities

Physical Determinants

Climate change Disaster preparedness Housing Education Employment Social exclusion Environmental determinants

Environmental determinants

Diet Physical activity Alcohol, cigarette and other drug use Handwashing

Lifestyle

Job Description

Determines normal and abnormal components of body fluids by conducting chemical analyses of blood, urine, spinal fluids and gastric juices.

Job Duties

Preparing cultures of tissue samples Establishing and monitoring programs that ensure data accuracy Microscopically examining slides of bodily fluids Cross-matching blood for transfusions Chemically analyzing blood or urine for toxic components Analyze blood cells by counting and identifying cells, using microscopic techniques

Role of the Laboratory in General

to inform physicians about which tests have the highest effectiveness in given clinical conditions. This partnership, covers the overall cost of testing and patient care is controlled and the quality of care is improved.

Health promotion requires policy makers to make health a central line of government policy. This means they must prioritize policies that prevent people from becoming ill and protect them from injuries.

Good governance for health

People need to acquire the knowledge and information to make healthy choices, for example about the food they eat and healthcare services that they need. Choose healthy behaviors, and make changes that reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases.

Health literacy

Cities have a key role to play in promoting good health. Strong leadership and commitment at the municipal level is essential to healthy urban planning and to build up preventive measures in communities and primary health care facilities. Develop disease prevention programs/services which includes immunizations, screening tests to detect diseases at an early stage and behavioral counselling to reduce risk factors.

Healthy cities

it is the most effective way of informing, educating and promoting preventive healthcare. It should be disseminated regularly and consistently.

Create awareness

ability to understand the basic facts and significance of common diseases

Improve knowledge based on pertinent health issues

outbreaks are usually caused by an infection that can be transmitted through direct contact, airborne, respiratory droplets, animal-to-person contact among others. A profound manifestation of an outbreak without an equilibrium response by members of the community is the highest standard by which the level of incompetence of a health agency can be adjudged.

Respond to disease outbreaks

aspects of human health (including quality of life) that are determined by physical, social, chemical, biological and psychosocial factors in the environment.

Environmental health

Respiratory conditions, CVD, lung cancer

Outdoor air pollution

Gastrointestinal illnesses

Unsafe drinking water

Malaria, dengue, rickettsial diseases

Mosquitoes, ticks and other vectors

Too much: melanoma/non-melanoma skin cancer Too little: Vit. D deficiency, osteoporosis, rickets

UV exposure cancer

Adults: stroke, lung cancer, ischemic heart disease Children: asthma, lower respiratory infections

2nd hand smoke exposure

Infectious diseases, heat stroke

Climate change

Infectious diseases, lower respiratory infections

Household overcrowding

Poisoning, burns, dermatitis

Hazardous substances

Adults: increased blood pressure Children: developmental delays, behavior problems

Lead exposure

Breathing difficulty, lung cancer, mesothelioma

Asbestos exposure

Hearing loss, cardiovascular problems, insomnia

Noise

include harmful substances, such as air pollution or proximity to toxic sites (the focus of classic environmental epidemiology); access to various health-related resources (e.g., healthy or unhealthy foods, recreational resources, medical care); and community design and the “built environment” (e.g., land use mix, street connectivity, transportation systems).

Physical Environmental Factors

include those related to safety, violence, and social disorder in general, and more specific factors related to the type, quality, and stability of social connections, including social participation, social cohesion, social capital, and the collective efficacy of the neighborhood (or work) environment (Ahern and Galea, 2011).

Social Environmental Factors

the balance that exists among all the components of the body.

‘homeostasis’

it is lodgment and multiplication of microorganism in the body

Infection

ability of the microorganism to produce disease

Pathogenecity

exhibit pathogenecity to the host

Virulence

ability of the organisms to enter the host tissues, multiply and spread further

Invasiveness

ability of the organisms to produce toxins

Toxigenecity

sign and symptoms confined to one area

Local Infection

starts as local infection and spread to other parts of the body

Focal Infection

spread throughout the body by blood or lymph

Systemic Infection

acteria in the blood without active multiplication Septicemia - bacteria multiply in blood

Bacteremia

pus-producing organisms repeatedly invade the bloodstream Toxemia – presence of toxins in the blood

Pyemia

initial infection causing the illness

Primary Infection

opportunistic pathogen has weakened host immune system

Secondary Infection

clinically silent inside the body without any noticeable Illness in host before suddenly causing severe and acute infection

Latent Infection

caused by two or more organisms

Mixed Infection

infection that develops and progress slowly

Acute Infection

infections that develop slowly with milder but longer-lasting symptoms

Chronic Infection

hospital acquired infection

Nosocomial Infection

Types of Nosocomial Infection

UTI – 33% Pneumonia – 15% Surgical site infection – 15% Bloodstream infections – 13%

Pre-disposing Factors:

Wide variety of microbes in hospital environment Weakened or immunocompromised patient Chain or transmission (direct or indirect) From health workers to patient From patient to patient Fomites – catheters, needles, dressings, beds, wheelchairs Airborne transmission Vector-borne transmission

specific illness or disorder characterized by recognizable set of signs and symptoms; damages body’s organ system

Disease

spread from one host to another directly or indirectly (TB, herpes, flu, chickenpox

Communicable disease

spread easily from one person to another

Contagious disease

not spread from host to another

Non-communicable disease

occurs occasionally

Sporadic Disease

present in a particular location

Endemic Disease

many people acquire the disease in a particular location

Epidemic Disease

epidemic that affects the world

Pandemic Disease

subjective feelings

Symptoms

objective changes that can be measured (fever, redness)

Signs

group of signs and symptoms associated with a disease

Syndrome

time between the exposure to pathogen and the onset of symptoms of a dse.

Incubation period

first signs and symptoms of disease

Prodromal period

peak of characteristic signs and symptoms of infection or disease

Clinical/Illness period

signs and symptoms begin to subside

Decline period

full recovery of the patient

Convalescent/Period of Recovery

poisonous substances produced by some organisms

Toxins

Diphtheria, tetanus, gas gangrene, botulism, cholera, staphylococcal food poisoning, Streptococcal erythrogenic toxin

Toxic Factors

Hyaluronidase, coagulase, leucocidin, streptokinase, hemolysin, lecithinase

Enzymatic Factors

capsule

Cellular structure

freedom from infection or prevention from contact with microbes

Asepsis

it is transfer of new infection from another host or external environment

Cross infection

is a process of infection that begins when an agent leave its reservoir through portal of exit and is conveyed by mode of transmission then enters through an appropriate portal of entry to infect a susceptible host

Chain of infection

Modes of transmission

Direct contact Droplet spread Ingestion Arthropod-borne Direct inoculation Transplacental

occurs through skin-to-skin contact, kissing, and sexual intercourse. also refers to contact with soil or vegetation harboring infectious organisms.

Direct contact

refers to spray with relatively large, short-range aerosols produced by sneezing, coughing, or even talking.

Droplet spread

transfer of an infectious agent from a reservoir to a host by suspended air particles, inanimate objects (vehicles), or animate intermediaries (vectors).

Indirect transmission

occurs when infectious agents are carried by dust or droplet nuclei suspended in air.

Airborne transmission

ay indirectly transmit an infectious agent include food, water, biologic products (blood), and fomites (inanimate objects such as handkerchiefs, bedding, or surgical scalpels).

Vehicles

mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks may carry an infectious agent through purely mechanical means or may support growth or changes in the agent.

Vectors

occurs when a diseases-causing organism enters the body and starts to multiply when they come in contact with favorable environment.

infection

a process in which a favorable condition is reqired for microorganism to spread or transfer from reservoir to a susceptible host.

Chain of Infection

Can be any of the following biological agents Virus Bacterium Fungus Parasitic worm

Infectious agent

The place where the infectious agents lives This can be living (animal/human/plant) or non-living (air/water/utensils/food/equipment)

Reservoir

The route through which the infectious agents leaves the reservoir Common mode of exit Break in the skin Nose Mouth Anus

Portal of exit

Direct transmission Indirect Transmission Droplet transmission Airborne transmission Vector Transmission

Mode of transmission

This is the route through which the infectious agents enter the body or new host Mouth, nose, skin

Portal of entry

This is a person who is vulnerable to diseases due to a weak immune system

Susceptible host

separates sick people with a contagious disease from people who are not sick.

Isolation

aims to separate and restrict the movement of people who have been exposed to a contagious disease to watch and see if they become sick

Quarantine

used to prevent the transmission of all highly communicable diseases that are spread by both, contact or airborne routes of transmission. Examples of such diseases are chickenpox and rabies.

Strict Isolation

used to prevent transmission of organisms by means of droplets that are sneezed or breathed into the environment. Examples of such diseases are influenza and tuberculosis.

Respiratory Isolation

used to prevent contact between potentially pathogenic microorganisms and uninfected persons who have seriously impaired resistance. Patients with certain diseases, such as leukemia, who are on certain therapeutic regimens are significantly more susceptible to infections.

Protective Isolation

used to control diseases that can be transmitted through direct or indirect oral contact with infected feces or contaminated articles. Transmission of infection depends on ingestion of the pathogen.

Enteric Precautions

used to prevent the spread of microorganisms found in infected wounds (including burns and open sores) and contact with wounds and heavily contaminated articles. Conditions requiring these precautions include infected burns, infected wounds, and infections with large amounts of purulent discharge. Diseases that may require wound and skin precautions include herpes, impetigo, and ringworm.

Wound and Skin Precautions.

used to prevent acquisition of infection by patients and personnel from contact with blood or items contaminated with blood. Examples of diseases that require blood precautions (refer to Lesson 1) are HBV and HIV/AIDS.

Blood Precautions

Secretion precautions-lesions Secretion precautions-oral Excretion precautions

Discharge Precautions

Categories of Quarantine

Complete or absolute quarantine Modified quarantine Enhanced community quarantine General community quarantine

people or groups closely affected by or concerned with the problem and are interested in policy solutions for it.

Stakeholders

Stakeholders on your policy journey can include:

Those who are affected by the policy (directly or indirectly) Those directly involved with or responsible for the policy People whose jobs or lives might be affected by the policy or any part of the policy process Community members and leaders Neighborhood associations and networks Those with strong influence in the community (e.g., media, clergy, doctors, CEOs) State and local health departments Interest groups (e.g., business, activists, academics) Funders and other resource providers Schools and educational groups Funders and other resource providers Evaluators Legislators, government officials, and other policymakers

HOW DO YOU IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM? steps

1. Identify the root cause of the problem by collecting information and then talking with stakeholders. 2. Develop your problem statement.

problem statement should include:

Who is affected How big the problem is What contributes to the problem When and where the problem is most likely to occur