LEC MODULE 4-5 UNIT 1

Question 1

Compounds added to biological specimens to prevent them from clotting or to preserve the constituents of a specimen.

Answer 1

Additives

Question 2

any substance that prevents blood from clotting

Answer 2

anticoagulant

Question 3

A prenatal test to detect birth defects that is performed at an early stage of pregnancy and involves retrieval and examination of tissue from the chorionic villi. It is also called chorionic villus biopsy.

Answer 3

chorionic villus sampling

Question 4

The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of blood interact in the coagulation cascade, resulting in formation of an insoluble fibrin clot

Answer 4

coagulation or clotting

Question 5

Variation that occurs in the amount of a substance during a 24-hour period

Answer 5

diurnal variation

Question 6

Disruption of the red cell membrane causing release of hemoglobin and other components of red blood cells

Answer 6

hemolysis

Question 7

One who practices phlebotomy, the individual drawing a specimen of blood.

Answer 7

phlebotomist

Question 8

The puncture of a blood vessel to collect blood; literally, “the letting of blood in the treatment of disease.”

Answer 8

phlebotomy

Question 9

Factors that affect specimens before tests are performed and that can lead to error if not controlled;

Answer 9

preanalytical errors

they are classified as controllable or uncontrollable

Question 10

A substance or preparation added to a specimen to prevent changes in the constituents of a specimen.

Answer 10

preservatives

Question 11

The non-cellular component of anticoagulated whole blood which contains clotting factors

Answer 11

plasma

Question 12

The watery portion of blood that remains after coagulation has occurred and can be obtained after centrifugation.

Answer 12

serum

Question 13

Any object which could readily puncture or cut the skin of an individual when encountered

Answer 13

sharps

Question 14

A container designed for the disposal of sharps. This is being required and regulated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

Answer 14

sharps container

Question 15

Collection of capillary blood usually from a pediatric patient by making a thin cut in the skin, usually at the heel of the foot.

Answer 15

skin puncture

Question 16

A sample or portion of body fluid or tissue collected for examination, study, or analysis

Answer 16

specimen

Question 17

All of the steps involved in obtaining an appropriate and identified blood specimen from an individual’s vein

Answer 17

venipuncture

Question 18

Obstruction of the return of venous blood to the heart and distention of the veins; in phlebotomy, this is a temporary blockage caused by application of pressure, usually from a tourniquet.

Answer 18

venous occlusion

Question 19

It is often used for skewed data

Answer 19

median

Question 20

the most frequently observed value in a set of observations

Answer 20

mode

Question 21

It is nnot commonly used as a measure of the data’s center but is more often used to describe data that seem to have two centers (bimodal).

Answer 21

mode

Question 22

in the mode measurement of center/location, there cannot be more than one mode, if two or more values are equally common.

Answer 22

False. There can be more than one mode, if two or more values are equally common

Question 23

It is possible that in a set of data there is no mode at all

Answer 23

True

Question 24

Blood for analysis may be obtained from

Answer 24

veins, arteries, capillaries

Question 25

what blood specimen is usually the specimen of choice

Answer 25

venous blood

Question 26

what is the method used in obtaining venous blood

Answer 26

venipuncture

Question 27

the act of obtaining blood sample from a vein using a needle attached to a syringe or stoppered evacuated tube.

Answer 27

phlebotomy or venipuncture

Question 28

locations where skin puncture can be done

Answer 28

- heel stick - fleshy part of middle or fourth finger - fleshy portion of earlobe

Question 29

Analytic testing of blood involves the use of

Answer 29

- whole blood - serum - plasma

Question 30

whole blood includes

Answer 30

both the liquid portion of the blood called | plasma and the cellular components

Question 31

This requires blood | collection into a vessel containing an anticoagulant

Answer 31

whole blood

Question 32

the clear yellow supernate on | top of the cells that fall toward the bottom after quite some time

Answer 32

plasma

Question 33

If a tube does not contain an anticoagulant, the blood’s clotting factors are active to form a clot incorporating the cells leaving the remaining yellowish liquid to be called

Answer 33

serum

Question 34

3 types of whole blood

Answer 34

- arterial blood - venous blood - capillary blood

Question 35

are oxygenated and have uniform composition throughout the body and is used for measuring blood gases and pH

Answer 35

arterial blood

Question 36

blood gases are measured through determining the

Answer 36

partial pressure of O2 and CO2

Question 37

In arterial blood collection, evacuated tubes are used instead of syringes because of the pressure in an arterial blood vessel.

Answer 37

False. In arterial blood collection, syringes are used instead of evacuated tubes because of the pressure in an arterial blood vessel.

Question 38

primary arterial sites

Answer 38

- radial - brachial - femoral

Question 39

Best specimen for evaluating | respiratory function

Answer 39

arterial blood

Question 40

used for arterial blood gas analysis

Answer 40

arterial blood

Question 41

Has high oxygen content and | consistency of composition

Answer 41

arterial blood

Question 42

disadvantages of arterial blood collection

Answer 42

- difficult to obtain - more painful and hazardous than venipuncture - not normally used for routine blood tests

Question 43

deoxygenated and have variable composition which can be | affected by metabolic activity and tissue it drains

Answer 43

venous blood

Question 44

the specimen of choice for most | routine laboratory tests

Answer 44

venous blood

Question 45

venous blood is usually obtained in the

Answer 45

antecubital area of the arm

Question 46

it is where oxygen is lower

Answer 46

venous blood

Question 47

``` -Good indicator of the physiological conditions throughout the body. -Easier to obtain than arterial blood sample -Used most frequently for testing ```

Answer 47

venous blood

Question 48

disadvantages of venous blood collection

Answer 48

-May result to some minor and serious complications. -Patients under serious conditions often lack readily accessible peripheral veins. -Most patients physiologically can’t handle needles anywhere in their body.

Question 49

contain arterial blood, venous blood, and tissue fluid

Answer 49

capillary blood

Question 50

capillary blood is obtained from

Answer 50

capillary beds | -which contains smallest veins (venules) and smallest arteries (arterioles)

Question 51

It is often the specimen of choice for infants, very young | children, elderly patients with fragile veins, and severely burned patients

Answer 51

capillary blood

Question 52

point-of-care testing is often performed using venous blood specimen.

Answer 52

False. capillary blood specimen

Question 53

Capillary blood has lower glucose concentration and higher calcium, potassium, and total protein concentrations as compared to that of the venous blood.

Answer 53

False. Capillary blood has higher glucose concentration and lower calcium, potassium, and total protein concentrations as compared to that of the venous blood.

Question 54

``` in using this blood specimen: -Only a very small amount of blood is needed -Collection is simple and relatively painless -Collection sites can be changed to minimize scarring and pain ```

Answer 54

capillary blood

Question 55

disadvantages of capillary blood collection

Answer 55

``` -Not all tests can be run on capillary samples -Capillary blood collection can sometimes rupture the blood cells, leading to inaccurate results. -Calcified nodules may develop at the site of collection, especially in infants ```

Question 56

what percentage of the blood is plasma

Answer 56

55%

Question 57

what percentage of blood is water

Answer 57

92%

Question 58

Plasma contains

Answer 58

7% proteins (albumin, gamma globulin, anti-hemophilic factor) 1% (mineral salts, sugars, fats, hormones, vitamins)

Question 59

in obtaining plasma, blood is not allowed to clot

Answer 59

True

Question 60

Plasma contains all clotting factors specifically

Answer 60

- Factor I - Factor V - Factor VIII - Factor XIII

Question 61

in gaussian distribution the mean, median, mode are

Answer 61

identical

Question 62

a symmetrical curve representing the normal distribution

Answer 62

gaussian curve

Question 63

the peak of the distribution should be centered on the

Answer 63

mean (best estimate of the true value)

Question 64

the width of the curve is related to

Answer 64

standard deviation (a measure of data spread)

Question 65

verification of a reference interval

Answer 65

transference

Question 66

Inpatient samples should be used for reference interval studies that are designed to reflect a population

Answer 66

False

Question 67

it indicates how the data are distributed or spread

Answer 67

measure of dispersion

Question 68

This is often a good measure of dispersion for small samples of data

Answer 68

range

Question 69

The range value of a data set is greatly influenced by the presence of just one unusually large or small value in the sample commonly referred to as

Answer 69

outlier

Question 70

the most frequently used measure of | variation.

Answer 70

standard deviation

Question 71

low standard deviation is good

Answer 71

true

Question 72

defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean value of the data used in the analysis. It is expressed as a percentage.

Answer 72

coefficient of variation

Question 73

measure of dispersion

Answer 73

- range - standard deviation - coefficient of variation - variance

Question 74

Average distance from the center of the data and every value in the data set.

Answer 74

variance

Question 75

3 commonly used descriptions of spread

Answer 75

- range - standard deviation - coefficient of variation

Question 76

defined as closeness of agreement between the average value obtained from a large series of results of measurements and the true value

Answer 76

trueness

Question 77

the closeness of agreement of mean value with the true value

Answer 77

true

Question 78

difference between the average value and the true value

Answer 78

bias

Question 79

this is expressed numerically and is inversely related to the trueness

Answer 79

bias

Question 80

the closeness of agreement of a single measurement with the “true value”

Answer 80

accuracy

Question 81

accuracy is influenced by

Answer 81

bias and imprecision

Question 82

combination of systematic error and random error

Answer 82

total error

Question 83

inaccuracy and imprecision reflects

Answer 83

total error

Question 84

refers to the | satisfaction of the needs and expectations of users and costumers.

Answer 84

quality

Question 85

cost of conformance is divided into

Answer 85

prevention cost and appraisal cost

Question 86

cost of nonconformance

Answer 86

internal and external failure cost

Question 87

Degree to which a measured value of an entity agrees with its true value

Answer 87

accuracy | -Best measured through reference methods and peer group comparison

Question 88

Degree to which measured values of an entity agree with each other

Answer 88

precision | -does not always connote accuracy

Question 89

measured through determining standard deviation and coefficient of variance

Answer 89

precision

Question 90

combination of accuracy and precision

Answer 90

reliability

Question 91

Ability of the method to detect slight differences in concentration

Answer 91

sensitivity

Question 92

The ability of a method to determine solely the compound it is supposed to measure

Answer 92

specificity

Question 93

Describes the many fluctuations in a data that will interfere in the measurement of a substance in question

Answer 93

variance

Question 94

defined as the liquid portion of blood that remains after | coagulation has occurred

Answer 94

serum

Question 95

it is where clotting factors (factor I, V, VIII, XIII) are absent

Answer 95

serum

Question 96

If the tube has | thrombin, the clotting time is approximately

Answer 96

5 minutes

Question 97

For tubes with clot activator, ______ is necessary for clotting time and _______ for tubes without clot activator

Answer 97

30 mins; 60 mins