Lec1 Intro to Endo System

Question 1

What is needed for communication to occur?

Answer 1

Two cells are required for communication to occur

One cell has to release a chemical transmitter to influence the activity of the other

Question 2

The nervous system

Answer 2

allows very rapid, focused and precise communication between individual cells

Question 3

The endocrine system

Answer 3

uses the cardiovascular system to transport the hormone

and allows very slow, sustained communication between groups of cells

Question 4

The endocrine system is a system of:

Answer 4

DUCTLESS glands which secrete chemical messengers (HORMONES) into the blood

Question 5

Hormones act on

Answer 5

cells possessing the appropriate hormone receptors - i.e. target tissues. Each hormone may act on several target tissues

Question 6

Name the endocrine glands of the body

Answer 6

Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Ovary 
Testis

Question 7

The pituitary gland

Answer 7

is the most important - it communicates with the hypothalamus

Question 8

The pituitary gland is situated:

Answer 8

below the brain, encased in skull

Question 9

The pituitary gland controls the activity of:

Answer 9

the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries and testes

Question 10

The stalk of the pituitary gland is known as:

Answer 10

infundibulum

Question 11

The anterior pituitary gland stores and secretes:

Answer 11

Corticotrophin/ Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Prolactin
Thyrotrophin/ Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Growth hormone (GH)

Question 12

The posterior pituitary gland stores and secretes:

Answer 12

Oxytocin

Vasopressin

Question 13

The thyroid and parathyroid glands are situated:

Answer 13

in the neck

Question 14

The thyroid and parathyroid glands are important in the control of:

Answer 14

metabolic rate and calcium homeostasis

Question 15

The exocrine function of the pancreas:

Answer 15

secretes digestive enzymes directly into the GI tract

Question 16

The endocrine function of the pancreas

Answer 16

is ductless and secretes INSULIN and GLUCAGON into the blood

Question 17

What is the function of insulin?

Answer 17

To regulate blood glucose concentrations and glucose utilisation

Question 18

Where are the adrenal glands situated?

Answer 18

they lie on top of the kidneys

Question 19

The adrenal glands are divided into?

Answer 19

The MEDULLA and CORTEX

Question 20

The medulla of the adrenal glands is involved in?

Answer 20

the stress response

Question 21

The cortex of the adrenal glands is involved in?

Answer 21

stress, sodium and glucose homeostasis

Question 22

The gonads - ovaries or testes

Answer 22

secrete the female and male reproductive hormones

Question 23

The male and female reproductive hormones are responsible for:

Answer 23

the development of secondary sexual characteristics and reproduction

Question 24

How do hormones produce their effects?

Answer 24

by interacting with specific receptors - intracellular or membrane bound - in the target tissues

Question 25

What are the major types of receptors?

Answer 25

Steroid hormone receptors G-protein coupled receptors Tyrosine Kinase receptors

Question 26

Steroid hormone receptors are

Answer 26

cytoplasmic or nuclear

Question 27

The steroid hormone receptor complex binds to:

Answer 27

hormone-response element of the DNA to influence gene transcription the receptor may be constitutively active

Question 28

When a hormone binds to G-protein coupled receptors

Answer 28

it causes synthesis of a second messenger

Question 29

Give examples of second messengers

Answer 29

Inositol trisphosphate | Cyclic AMP

Question 30

What do the second messengers do?

Answer 30

They phosphorylate intracellular, regulatory proteins to influence the cellular activity e.g. smooth muscle contraction

Question 31

Activation of IP3 leads to:

Answer 31

smooth muscle contraction e.g. oxytocin

Question 32

Production of cAMP leads to:

Answer 32

smooth muscle relaxation e.g. adrenaline causing bronchodilation

Question 33

Giving IV oxytocin would cause:

Answer 33

Uterine contractions in a female within seconds

Question 34

A tyrosine kinase receptor is a

Answer 34

membrane bound enzyme which is a single strand of protein

Question 35

Often, in order for hormone action to occur at TyK receptors

Answer 35

two receptors must be present | dimerised receptor

Question 36

What happens when one hormone molecule binds to each receptor?

Answer 36

The receptor then acts as an enzyme to phosphorylate the tyrosine components of intracellular, regulatory proteins

Question 37

TyK receptors are involved with:

Answer 37

growth and development and have a very slow effect

Question 38

Insulin acts via:

Answer 38

TyK receptors and lowers blood sugar within 15 mins

Question 39

What are the two broad classes of hormones?

Answer 39

Peptide hormones | Steroid & Thyroid hormones

Question 40

Peptide hormones are:

Answer 40

``` highly water soluble susceptible to protease attack unable to cross cell membrane without a carrier protein act on membrane bound receptors not orally active short plasma life short duration of action ```

Question 41

Steroid & Thyroid hormones are:

Answer 41

highly lipid soluble poorly water soluble able to cross cell membrane and act on intracellular receptors Orally active Long plasma half life Long duration of action Must be transported in blood bound to plasma protein - dangerous if not because it travels in clumps only unbound hormone is biologically active

Question 42

Secretion of a hormone by a given gland is typically but not always controlled by:

Answer 42

Anterior Pituitary Gland

Question 43

Anterior Pituitary Gland secretes:

Answer 43

Stimulating or Trophic hormones

Question 44

Stimulating hormones

Answer 44

stimulate secretion of a hormone

Question 45

Trophic hormones

Answer 45

cause the growth of a gland

Question 46

The secretion of a hormone by the anterior pituitary gland is controlled by:

Answer 46

hypothalamus

Question 47

The hypothalamus secretes:

Answer 47

Releasing hormones

Question 48

Name the releasing hormones secreted by the hypothalamus

Answer 48

Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) Thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

Question 49

The thyroid hormone decreases secretion of:

Answer 49

Thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) | Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 50

Cortisol acts to decrease secretion of:

Answer 50

``` Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) ```

Question 51

Oestrogen acts to decrease secretion of:

Answer 51

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) | Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 52

A common consequence of negative feedback is:

Answer 52

cyclical variation e.g. diurnal variation of cortisol secretion

Question 53

What is a portal system?

Answer 53

a blood vessel directly linking two organs/structures