LEC.114 Developmental geography

Question 1

Definition of development?

Answer 1

Contested term that in its most general sense means change (usually positive) over time. (Cloke, et al., 2014)

Question 2

How does the UN characterise development?

Answer 2

SDGs, adopted by UN general assembly Sept 2015.

Question 3

Who is involved in development agendas?

Answer 3

• international e.g. UN
• states and development e.g. UK aid
• multi-partner e.g. World trade Org
• multilateral donor e.g. World Bank
• non-government NGOs, e.g. Oxfam
• grassroots e.g. La Via Campesina

Question 4

Modernisation theory key principles: problem?

Answer 4

Countries are struggling because of internal factors

Question 5

Modernisation theory key principles: goal?

Answer 5

To make countries like ‘The West’. Export ‘modernity’.

Question 6

Modernisation theory key principles: mechanism?

Answer 6

Economic transformation and growth (infrastructure, raw materials, industrialisation)

Question 7

Modernisation theory key principles: key actors?

Answer 7

The state as planner and decision maker e.g. the World Bank lending money to national governments for infrastructure.

Question 8

Modernisation theory key critiques: tunnel vision?

Answer 8

development as a linear process followed by each country, with no consideration to local specificities or broader context

Question 9

Modernisation theory key critiques: hierarchical view?

Answer 9

North (modern) as superior, South (traditional) as inferior.

Question 10

Modernisation theory key critiques: power relations in time?

Answer 10

Underestimates power relations in time (e.g. colonialism) and space (the game is not equal, powerful countries can impose their interest over others).

Question 11

Dependency and World systems Theory key principles: problem?

Answer 11

The system is unjust. There are external factors as to why there are different levels of development.

Question 12

Dependency and World systems Theory key principles: goal?

Answer 12

Functional differentiation and unequal exchange between a core and a periphery

Question 13

Dependency and World systems Theory key principles: mechanism?

Answer 13

Colonialism and capitalism ensure structural inequalities between and within different countries

Question 14

Dependency and World systems Theory key principles: key actor(s)?

Answer 14

Core countries

Question 15

Dependency and World systems Theory act as a radical critique of?

Answer 15

Modernisation theory

Question 16

Core/periphery in DT-WST?

Answer 16

Core controls the global system and exploits the periphery, which ensures ‘development’ and ‘underdevelopment’. The periphery is harmed by it, whereas the core benefits

Question 17

Main difference DT-WST?

Answer 17

WST introduces notion of a semi-periphery

Question 18

When did neoliberalism emerge to become the dominant economic model in Western and global thinking?

Answer 18

Late C20th. After being championed by ppl such as Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher.

Question 19

Neoliberalism key principles: problem?

Answer 19

The state’s huge role within the economy

Question 20

Neoliberalism key principles: goal?

Answer 20

Human wellbeing can best be advanced by liberating individual entrepreneurial freedoms

Question 21

Neoliberalism key principles: mechanisms?

Answer 21

Cutting public spending, Free Market capitalism and Free trade = deregulation of markets, lowering of trade tariffs, encoring FDI. Market > state as distributors of resources

Question 22

Neoliberalism key principles: key actor(s)?

Answer 22

Global financial market

Question 23

What is neoliberalism rooted in?

Answer 23

Rooted in the 1980s global debt crisis (Which itself is rooted in the 1970s oil crisis).

Question 24

Human development key principles: problem?

Answer 24

Development is seen through a narrow lens, GDP, income, industrialisation, technology

Question 25

Human development key principles: goal?

Answer 25

Humanise development. Development = freedoms and requires the removal of sources of unfreedoms.

Question 26

Human development key principles: mechanism?

Answer 26

Ensure conditions are in place for expanding freedoms, e.g. healthcare, education services.

Question 27

Human development key principles: key actor(s)?

Answer 27

societies and people.

Question 28

Human development freedoms?

Answer 28

Political freedoms - free speech elections Social opportunities - education, health Economic facilities - participation in trade/production

Question 29

Fundamental problems with development? (post-development)

Answer 29

Development is not universal (’the good'), but historically and geographically situated (neo-colonial project). Development is overshadowed by geopolitical interests and institutional agendas. Development silences and excludes the ‘subaltern’ (and thus reproduces their oppression) – against the notion of ‘underdeveloped’ and similar binaries.

Question 30

Imperialism?

Answer 30

system of domination over space, particularly metropolitan rule of distant territory exercised as power

Question 31

Colonialism?

Answer 31

manifestation of imperialism through settlement where those from metropole move to the colony.

Question 32

Role of imperialism and colonisation for Europe's 'development'?

Answer 32

Triangular trade, colonisation of other countries

Question 33

What are postcolonial studies concert with?

Answer 33

The permanence of the diverse, uneven and contested impact of colonialism.

Question 34

Gender in development policy and planning: 1970s?

Answer 34

- disenchantment with modernist approaches to development - recognition that women's views are essential part of process

Question 35

Gender in development policy and planning: WID?

Answer 35

- Women in development - focussed on inequality in labour market - Criticised for economic approach

Question 36

Gender in development policy and planning: WAD?

Answer 36

- Women and development - Focussed on development shaped inequalities in women paid/unpaid work - criticised to homogeneous approach to women

Question 37

Gender in development policy and planning: GAD?

Answer 37

- 1980, greater focus on gender relations. - gender as social rather than biological. - rights based approaches

Question 38

Intrinsic arguments on gender development?

Answer 38

- should be inclusive and empowering - should not exacerbate inequalities but seek to address them - human dev perspective, women's capabilities matter in their own right, individual freedoms best way to guarantee development

Question 39

Instrumental arguments on gender development?

Answer 39

- institutions and policies not up to needed standards - gender inequality not good for economy so needs to be addressed.

Question 40

Critical arguments on gender development?

Answer 40

- Structural changes 'modernisation' often entails more women in the work force, but whats the impact of this - Gender as a perspective to analyse socio-economic contexts and highlight inequalities.

Question 41

Early theorising on why people migrate?

Answer 41

Economically centred.

Question 42

1990s theories on migration?

Answer 42

Attention to the social embeddedness of migration, building of networks and communities.