Lec2: Biomolecules

Question 1

what are the two major classes of biomolecules in the human body?

Answer 1

inorganic and organic compounds

Question 2

common organic compounds

Answer 2

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid

Question 3

common inorganic compounds

Answer 3

water, salts, acids and bases

Question 4

how much body weight does water constitute?

Answer 4

2/3

Question 5

what is the most abundant inorganic compound in the human body

Answer 5

water

Question 6

water has a high heat capacity which means it absorbs and releases large amount of heat before its _____ changes

Answer 6

temperature

Question 7

water is considered a universal solvent due to its?

Answer 7

polarity

Question 8

water has a cushioning property which means that it can serve as a?

Answer 8

protective substance

Question 9

Amount of heat that must be absorbed/lost for one gram of a substance to change its
temperature by 1oC (buffers the Earth’s Temperature)

Answer 9

high specific heat

Question 10

Quantity of heat a liquid must absorb 1 gram to be converted to gaseous state

Answer 10

high heat of vaporization

Question 11

what is the high specific heat of water

Answer 11

1 calorie/g/1oC

Question 12

high heat of vaporization of water

Answer 12

540 cal/g

Question 13

how much does water expand when it freezes?

Answer 13

approximately 9%

Question 14

which metals found in the body contain the most salt?

Answer 14

calcium and phosphorus (bones and teeth)

Question 15

the process by which salt (ionic compound) when dissolved in body fluids, easily separate into their own ions

Answer 15

dissociation

Question 16

these are substances that conduct an electrical current in solution

Answer 16

electrolytes

Question 17

which ions are essential to nerve impluse?

Answer 17

sodium and potassium

Question 18

Fe forms part of the _______ that transport oxygen in the RBC

Answer 18

hemoglobin molecule

Question 19

three main characteristics of an acid

Answer 19

• releases hydrogen ions (H+) in detectable
  amounts (dissolve in water);
• sour taste;
• proton donors

Question 20

Acids that liberate their protons

Answer 20

strong acids

Question 21

Acids that ionize incompletely

Answer 21

weak acids

Question 22

three main characteristics of a base

Answer 22

• bitter taste
• slippery texture
• proton acceptors

Question 23

it is an avid proton seeker and any base containing this ion is considered STRONG BASE

Answer 23

hydroxyl ion

Question 24

who devised the pH scale in 1909?

Answer 24

Sörensen

Question 25

the pH scale is based on the number of ______ in solution expressed in terms of moles per liter

Answer 25

proton

Question 26

the number of hydrogen ions exactly equals the number of hydroxyl ions

Answer 26

pH 7 (neutral)

Question 27

there are chemicals that help regulate the acid-base balance along with the kidney and lungs

Answer 27

buffers

Question 28

depression of central nervous system

Answer 28

acidosis

Question 29

Hyperexcitability of the nervous system

Answer 29

Alkalosis

Question 30

these are formed by polymerization of identical/similar subunits called Polymers

Answer 30

macromolecules

Question 31

what are the four classes of macromolecules?

Answer 31

- carbohydrates - lipids - proteins - nucleic acids

Question 32

the are organic molecules made up of sugars and their polymers (C, H, O)

Answer 32

carbohydrates

Question 33

this monosaccharide is the universal cellular fuel

Answer 33

glucose

Question 34

these monosaccharides form a part of the nucleic acids

Answer 34

ribose and deoxyribose

Question 35

disaccharides are double sugars formed by the combination of 2 monosaccharides through?

Answer 35

dehydration process

Question 36

examples of disaccharides

Answer 36

maltose, lactose, sucrose

Question 37

these are formed by hundreds of polymers or thousands of monosaccharides

Answer 37

polysaccharides

Question 38

storage polysaccharide found in plant

Answer 38

starch

Question 39

storage polysaccharide found in animals

Answer 39

glycogen

Question 40

these are structural polysaccharides

Answer 40

chitin and cellulose

Question 41

Enter in the body via fat-marbled meats, egg yolks, milk products and oils

Answer 41

lipids

Question 42

lipids are soluble in ______ and insoluble in _____

Answer 42

non-polar solvents; water

Question 43

lipids are made up of 3 principal groups:

Answer 43

- neutral fats - phospholipids - steroids

Question 44

functions of lipids:

Answer 44

▪ Energy storage ▪ Compact fuel reservoir ▪ Cushions vital organ ▪ Insulates against heat loss

Question 45

these are composed of fatty acids and glycerol

Answer 45

neutral fats

Question 46

very similar nuetral fats but it has glycerol backbone attached to only 2 fatty acid tails + (PO4-) group attached

Answer 46

phospholipids

Question 47

phospholipids form ______ at cell surface

Answer 47

lipid bilayer

Question 48

flat molecules formed of 4 interlocking rings

Answer 48

steroids

Question 49

single most important steroid which enters in the body by consuming meat, eggs and cheese

Answer 49

cholesterol

Question 50

deposit of fatty substances in artery walls of the heart

Answer 50

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Question 51

defined as a complex polymers of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

Answer 51

proteins

Question 52

proteins account for almost ____ of cellular dry weight

Answer 52

50%

Question 53

proteins are commonly made of only _______

Answer 53

20 amino acid monomers (building block)

Question 54

what are the 2 classifications of proteins?

Answer 54

Fibrous/Structural protein and Globular/functional protein

Question 55

these proteins are important in binding structures together and for providing strength in certain tissues

Answer 55

fibrous/structural proteins

Question 56

mobile, generally spherical molecules that play crucial roles in all biological processes

Answer 56

globular/functional proteins

Question 57

Highly specialized protein that recognize, bind, and inactivate bacteria, toxins, and some viruses

Answer 57

antibodies

Question 58

Regulate growth and development (GROWTH HORMONE, INSULIN, NERVE GROWTH FACTOR)

Answer 58

hormones

Question 59

Hemoglobin transport blood; carry cholesterol

Answer 59

transport protein

Question 60

Essential to virtually all biochemical reactions in the body to hasten the process by millionfold

Answer 60

catalyst (enzymes)

Question 61

what are three main types of amino acids?

Answer 61

- essential amino acids - nonessential amino acids - conditional amino acids

Question 62

these are amino acids that cannot be produced by the body and are usually taken in diet

Answer 62

essential amino acids

Question 63

amino acids produced by the body

Answer 63

nonessential amino acids

Question 64

usually not essential, except in times of illness and stress

Answer 64

conditional amino acids

Question 65

amino acid chains containing fewer than 50 units

Answer 65

polypeptide chains

Question 66

specific and unique AA sequence

Answer 66

primary structure of protein

Question 67

regular, repeated folding of a protein’s polypeptide helical structure (alpha helix) or sheet structure

Answer 67

secondary structure of protein

Question 68

sheets often form fibers that have structural function; helical structures tend to have globular form

Answer 68

tertiary structure of protein

Question 69

polymer of nucleotides; make up the genes which provide the blueprint of life; consists of C, O, H, N, P

Answer 69

nucleic acids

Question 70

building blocks of nucleic acid

Answer 70

nucleotide

Question 71

this is the genetic material inside the nucleus

Answer 71

DNA

Question 72

RNA exists in three forms:

Answer 72

messenger, ribosomal, transfer