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biochem > LECT 2 > Flashcards

LECT 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Commonly referred to as sugars and starches

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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2
Q

The word was given to this group of compounds because the molecular formula of simple carbohydrates could be written as

A

Cn(H2O)n making them hydrates of carbon

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3
Q

They are the storehouses of chemical energy

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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4
Q

CARBOHYDRATES are synthesized in green plants and algae through

A

photosynthesis

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5
Q

CARBOHYDRATES It can be classified into three groups:

A
  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
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6
Q

The simplest carbohydrates

A

MONOSACCHARIDES

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7
Q

Generally have three to six carbon atoms in a chain, with a carbonyl group at either the terminal carbon, numbered C1 or C2

In most carbohydrates, each of the remaining carbon atoms has a hydroxyl
group

A

MONOSACCHARIDES

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8
Q

Monosaccharides with a carbonyl group at C1 are aldehydes called

A

aldoses.

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9
Q

Monosaccharides with a carbonyl group at C2 are ketones called

A

ketoses.

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10
Q

Glyceraldehyde is the

A

simplest aldose

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11
Q

Dihydroxyacetone is the simplest

A

ketose

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12
Q

Glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone both have molecular formula OF

A

C3H6O3 so they are constitutional isomers

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13
Q

___ have the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms

A

Constitutional isomers

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14
Q

___ is the most prevalent aldose

A

Glucose

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15
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES Is characterized by the number of carbons in its chain

A

A triose has three carbons
 A tetrose has four carbons
 A pentose has five carbons
 A hexose has six carbons

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16
Q 
1
2
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6
7
8
9
10
A 
MONO
DI 
TRI
TETRA
PENTA
HEXA 
HEPTA
OCTA
NONA
DECA
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17
Q

FISCHER PROJECTION FORMULAS

A

FISCHER HAD NO WAY OF KNOWING WHAT THE CONFIGURATIONS (-) (+) GLUCERALDEHYDE WERE SO HE GUESSED.

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18
Q

The negative enantiomer was guessed to have configuration on the left (which we will now call as S) and was designated

A

L for latin (laevo)

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19
Q

The positive enantiomer was guessed to have configuration on the right (which we will now call as R) and was designated

A

D for latin (dextro)

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20
Q

A D monosaccharide has the OH group on the chirality center farthest from the carbonyl on the

A

right (like D-glyceraldehyde)

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21
Q

A L monosaccharide has the OH group on the chirality center farthest from the carbonyl on the

A

left (like L-glyceraldehyde)

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22
Q

The configuration of the chirality center farthest from the carbonyl group determines whether

A

a monosaccharide is D or L

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23
Q

COMMON MONOSACCHARIDES (c6H12O6

A

glucose
galactose
fructose

24
Q

Also called dextrose, is the
sugar referred to when
blood sugar is measured.

A

glucose

25
Q

The most abundant
monosaccharide. Normal
blood glucose levels are
70-110 mg/dL.

A

glucose

26
Q

Excess

glucose is converted to

A

glycogen or fat.

27
Q

Is one of the
monosaccharides that
form the disaccharide
lactose.

A

Galactose

28
Q

It is the

stereoisomer of glucose.

A

Galactose

29
Q

Individuals with ___ lack an
enzyme needed to
metabolize galactose.

A

galactosemia

30
Q

Is one of the
monosaccharides that
form the disaccharide
sucrose.

A

fructose

31
Q 
It is a ketohexose
found in honey and is
almost twice as sweet as
normal table sugar with
about the same number
of calories per gram.
A

fructose

32
Q 
• The disaccharide found in
sugarcane
• It contains one glucose ring and
one fructose ring
• It contains one six-membered and
one five-membered ring
A

Sucrose

33
Q

• The disaccharide found in milk
from both humans and cows
• It contains one galactose ring and
one glucose ring

A

Lactose

34
Q

• Lactose intolerant no longer

produce the enzyme

A

lactase

35
Q

contain three or more monosaccharides

joined together

A

POLYSACCHARIDES (c6H10O5) n

36
Q

are carbohydrates
composed of two
monosaccharides

A

Disaccharides

37
Q 
are acetals (Acetals are geminal-diether
derivatives of aldehydes or
ketones, formed by reaction with
two equivalents (or an excess
amount) of an alcohol and
elimination of water), compounds
that contain two alkoxy groups
(OR groups) bonded to the same
carbon
A

Disaccharides

38
Q

The new C-O bond that joins the

two rings together is called a

A

glycosidic linkage

39
Q

The glycosidic linkage that joins
the two monosaccharides in a
disaccharides can be oriented in
two different ways

A

alpha (1-4) glycosidic linkage

beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage

40
Q

The
glycoside
bond is
down

A

alpha (1-4) glycosidic linkage

41
Q

The
glycoside
bond is
up

A

beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage

42
Q

Three prevalent polysaccharides in nature are

A

cellulose, starch and glycogen, each of which consists of repeating glucose units joined by glycosidic bond

43
Q

They are divided into homopolysaccharides (homoglycans), composed of equal units of sugar (starch, glycogen,cellulose) and

heteropolysaccharides (heteroglycans),
composed of various sugar and non-sugar units
(glycosaminoglycans)

A

POLYSACCHARIDES (c6H10O5) n

44
Q

found in the cell walls of nearly all plants, where it gives support and rigidity to wood,
plant, stems and grass

A

CELLULOSE

45
Q

an unbranched polymer composed of repeating glucose units joined in 1 4-β-
glycosidic linkage

A

CELLULOSE

46
Q

In some cells, cellulose is hydrolyzed by an enzyme called

A

β-glycosidase, which cleaves all of the
β glycoside bonds, forming glucose (Humans do not posses this enzyme, and therefore cannot
digest cellulose

47
Q

main carbohydrate found in the seeds and roots of plants

A

STARCH

48
Q

a polymer composed of repeating glucose units joined in alpha glycosidic linkages

A

starch

49
Q

The two common forms of starch are

A

amylose and amylopectin

50
Q

Comprises about 80% of starch molecules

A

amylopectin

51
Q

Has a backbone of glucose molecules with 1 4- alpha glycoside bonds

A

amylopectin

52
Q

the major form in which polysaccharides

are stored in animals

A

GLYCOGEN

53
Q

GAGs are a group of unbranched carbohydrates
derived from alternating amino sugar and
glucoronate units

A

GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS

54
Q

form a gel-like matrix that acts as a lubricant,
making them key components in connective tissue
and joints

A

GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS (gags)

55
Q

The second most abundant carbohydrate polymer, is a

polysaccharide formed from N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units joined together in 1 4-β-glycosidic linkages

A

chitin

biochem (6 decks)

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