week 1 Flashcards by Patricia Faith Flores

lacking an affinity for water

Hydrophobic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

having an affinity for water

Hydrophilic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

is a molecule that forms the basic unit for polymers, which are the building blocks of proteins

Monomer

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

consist of 2 monomer

Dimer

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

is a chemical compound with molecules bonded together in long, repeating chains

Polymer

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

occur when there is an electronegativity difference between the bonded atoms

Polar

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

occur when electrons are shared equal between atoms of a diatomic molecule

Non-Polar

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

amino acid that the body cannot synthesize on its own, so it must be obtained from the diet

Essential

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

amino acid that the body can synthesize on its own

Non-essential

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Defined as the application of chemistry to the study
of biological processes at the cellular and molecular
level.

BIOCHEMISTRY

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Referred as “chemistry of the living cell”

BIOCHEMISTRY

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1665 – Robert Hooke

invented the microscope.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1674 – Anton van Leeuwenhoek

witnessed a live cell plant under microscope

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1869 – Friedrich Miescher

first identified “nuclein” inside the nuclei of human white blood cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1900 – Eduard Buchner

introduced the concept of an “enzyme”

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1903 – Carl Neuber

coined the name Biochemistry

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1919 – Phoebus Levene

first discovered the order
of the three major components of a single
nucleotide

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1937 – Hans Krebs

discovered the process of Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1950 – Erwin Chargaff

says the amount of cytosine is equal to the amount of
guanine and the amount of thymine is equal to the amount of adenine
(Chargaff’s Rule)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1958 – Frederick Sanger

discovered the first and complete protein structure

which is insulin.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1961 –

Cracking of genetic code

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1977 – Frederick Sanger

had successfully
sequenced the genome of
bacteriophage which contained
more than 5000 nucleotides

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Defined as substances
that are produced by
cells and living organisms

BIOMOLECULES

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

types of BIOMOLECULES

 Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Amino Acids
 Nucleotides
 Others such as vitamins
and heme

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Specific group of atoms or bonds within a compound that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of that compound

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS example:

```  Hydroxyl  Methyl  Carbonyl  Carboxyl  Amino  Phosphate  Sulfhydryl ```

One of the major groups of biomolecules which is soluble in water and is polar in nature

CARBOHYDRATES

Mainly used as an energy source and commonly referred to as sugars and starches

CARBOHYDRATES

Carbohydrates is composed of three (3) elements: It can range in size from very small to very large.

carbon (C), | hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O)

Carbohydrates can be classified in to

monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharides.

Relatively small water- | insoluble molecules and nonpolar in nature

LIPIDS

Some lipids act as ____ like triglycerides stored in adipose tissue

storage | molecules

Building blocks of lipids are

fatty acids

``` It act as hydrophobic barrier of the cell membrane that permits the entry and exit of certain molecules ```

LIPIDS

``` A compound that contains two functional groups – the amino group and the carboxyl group bonded to the same carbon ```

AMINO ACIDS

They are generally soluble in water Some of them are polar and nonpolar in nature

AMINO ACIDS

Used to synthesize hormones and make proteins

AMINO ACIDS

Can be classified as | essential and non-essential

AMINO ACIDS

It is used mainly as the building blocks for DNA and RNA

NUCLEOTIDES AND NUCLEIC ACID

Individual nucleotides are soluble in water They are polar and nonpolar in nature

NUCLEOTIDES AND NUCLEIC ACID

``` It consists of a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base ```

NUCLEOTIDES AND NUCLEIC ACID

``` Double helix structure comprised of adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T) ```

DNA

``` Single stranded structure and comprised adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and uracil (U) ```

RNA

Located in the nucleus of the cell and self- replicating

DNA

Copied from DNA and is working form of the information

RNA

Storage form of genetic information

DNA

Made in the nucleus and mRNA is exported to the cytosol

RNA

Base pairing is | AT and GC

DNA

Base pairing is AU | and GC

RNA

Functional groups Can be subdivided into three types

1. Hydrocarbons 2. Compounds containing a single bond to a hetero atom 3. Compounds containing a C=O group

Compounds that contain only the | elements of carbon and hydrogen

Hydrocarbons

(only C – C single bond)

Alkane

Carbon – carbon | double bond

Alkenes

Carbon – carbon | triple bond

Alkyne

Benzene ring

Aromatic | Compound

Always dissect it into small pieces to | identify the functional group

COMPOUNDS CONTAINING A SINGLE BOND TO A HETEROATOM

Many different kinds of compounds contain a carbon-oxygen double bond (C=O, carbonyl group) ``` The type of atom bonded to the carbonyl carbon – hydrogen, carbon, or a heteroatom – determines the specific class of carbonyl compound. ```

COMPOUNDS CONTAINING A C=O GROUP

Are the chemical processes that occur in living organisms, involving biomolecules

BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES

is the totality of the chemical reactions which occur | within a cell, and can be divided into two types:

Metabolism

involve the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones and usually require energy to form new bonds (endergonic)

Anabolic reactions

involve the breakdown of complex molecules into | simpler ones and usually release energy from breaking bonds (exergonic)

Catabolic reactions

ATP provides an immediate source of energy when hydrolysed and functions as the energy currency of the cell.

Functions of ATP

Growth and repair:

Increase cell size and replace damaged tissue | requires ATP

Movement:

The contraction of muscle fibres in order to generate | movement in organisms requires ATP

Nerve transmissions:

The generation and transmission of a nerve | impulse (action potential) requires ATP

Active transport:

Moving molecules against their concentration gradient, or by cytosis, requires ATP

Biosynthesis of macromolecules:

Building complex organic | molecules from simpler subunits (anabolism) requires ATP

Emission of light:

Some cells may be capable of luminescence, and | this process requires ATP

Chemical reactions associated with biological processes

BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS

Four main types of reactions are:

1. Neutralization 2. Hydrolysis 3. Condensation 4. Oxidation-Reduction

Interaction of an acid and base to form a salt (ionic compound) and water

NEUTRALIZATION

Necessary to maintain constant pH state within the body

NEUTRALIZATION

resist changes in | pH

Buffers

Release H+ ions when

fluid is basic

Take up H+ ions when

fluid is acidic

Involves the reaction of an organic chemical with water to form two or more new substances and usually means the cleavage of chemical bonds by the addition of water.

HYDROLYSIS

Reaction in which two molecules combine to form a single molecule

CONDENSATION

type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two species

OXIDATION-REDUCTION (REDOX)

is the loss of electrons | from an atom

Oxidation

is the gain of electrons | by an atom

Reduction

A compound that gains electrons | is called

oxidizing agent

A compound that loses electrons | is called

reducing agent

week 1 Flashcards

(82 cards)