LECT | MIDTERM Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
important in helping diagnose bleeding disorders.
A
Platelet counts
2
Q
Platelets function primarily in
A
hemostasis and maintaining capillary integrity
3
Q
Normal Range of Platelet count
A
150,000-450,000/ uL or 150-450 x103/mm3
4
Q
- 1-4um(or2-4um)
- No nucleus
- Cytoplasm: very granular, Light blue to purple
A
Platelet
5
Q
granular and located centrally.
A
Chromomere
6
Q
Surrounds the chromomere, non granular and clear to light blue.
A
hyalomere
7
Q
Found in:
- Polycythemia vera
- Idiopathic thrombocythemia
- chronic myelogeno
A
Thrombocytosis
8
Q
Occurs in :
- Gaucher’s disease
- Pernicious anemia
- Following therapy
A
Thrombocytopenia
9
Q
Occurs in:
- Thromobyctopenic purpura
- aplastic anemia
A
Thrombocytopenia
10
Q
Dilute whole blood by using either
A
1% ammonium oxalate or Rees-Ecker fluid
11
Q
Dilution
A
1:100
12
Q
Swith to HPO and perform couting in how many
Intermediary squares
A
25
13
Q
Count platelets in how many oil immersion fields
A
10
14
Q
- Measures ability of platelet to arrest Bleeding
- Assess Platelet number and Function (Primary Hemostasis)
A
Bleeding time
15
Q
Method of Ivy uses a pressure of
A
40 mmHg
16
Q
Method of Ivy normal value
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2.5- 7 min
17
Q
Puncture site of method of ivy
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5 cm below antecubital crease
18
Q
Site of Method of duke
A
Earlobe
19
Q
Method of Duke normal value
A
1-3 min
20
Q
Bleeding Time Elevated with
A
- Von Willebrand Disease
- Thrombocytopenia
- Inherited Platelet Dysfunction
- Aspirin
21
Q
inihibits cyclo-oxygenase enzyme that may prevent the production of Thromboxane A2 and prevent platelet aggregation
A
Aspirin
22
Q
Capillary Fragility Test pressure
A
80 mmHg
23
Q
Capillary fragility test positive result
A
> 20 Petechiae
24
Q
Measures platelet and vascular disorders and assess capillary fragility
A
Capillary fragility test
25
function
of microfilaments
Clot retraction
26
In clot retraction test, the clot retracts and expresses the serum within
2 hours
27
What are the Quantitative Platelet Disorders
Thrombocytopenia & Thrombocytosis
28
- decreased Platelet count
- can be a result of the following
1. decreased platelet production
2. decreased platelet survival
3. increased splenic sequestration
4. dilution due to multiple blood transfusion
Thrombocytopenia
29
Corresponding to problems in the bone marrow
Decreased platelet production
30
1. Congenital Hypoplasia
2. Acquired-drugs
3. Infiltration of BM by Malignant Cells
4. Ineffective Thrombopiesis (Platelet Shedding)
4. Viral Infections : HIV or Hepatitis
Decreased platelet production
31
Immunologic or Drug Induced
Decreased platelet survival
32
1. Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic purpura
2. Quinine (anti-malarial drug that is allowing
your body to produce antibodies towards the drug that mimics antigens in your platelets which will result to lysis of your platelets)
3. Post Transfusion Purpura
Decreased platelet survival
33
Splenomegaly (1/3 splenic pool) or Hypersplenism
Increased Splenic Sequestration
34
Multiple transfusion because stored blood contains nonviable, dysfunctional platelets
Dilution of Platelet Count
35
- Increase amount of Platelets in the circulation
- Myeloproliferative disorders
- Infection (Septic)
- Splenectomy
Thrombocytosis
36
What are the Qualitative Platelet Disorders
1. Platelet Adhesion Defects
2. Platelet Aggregation Defects
3. Platelet Secretion Defects
37
What are the Platelet Adhesion Defects
1. Bernard-Soulier Syndrome
2. von Willebrand's Disease
38
1. autosomal recessive trait characterized by absence of GP Ib (receptor for vWf)
2. Characterized by defective platelet adhesion
3. Detected by In vitro Aggregation Test of Platelets (using an aggregometer)
Bernard-Soulier Syndrome
39
Bernard-Soulier Syndrome test result
PLT aggregation normal with ADP, Epinephrine, Collagen but Abnormal with Ristocetin
40
Absent/ Abnormal von Willebrand Factor
von Willebrand's Disease
41
von Willebrand's Disease test result
Same as Bernard Soulier but Positive to von Willebrand Factor Ag Test
42
What are the Platelet Aggregation Defects
1. Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
2. Aspirin Ingestion
43
Decreased or Absence of GP IIb/ IIIa (receptor for fibrinogen)
Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
44
Glanzmann's thrombasthenia test result
Normal Response only on ristocetin but abnormal with ADP, Epinephrine, Collagen
45
Cyclooxygenase Pathway inhibitor. Cause a defect in PLT aggregation.
Aspirin Ingestion
46
What are the Platelet Secretion Defects
1. Gray Platelet Syndrome
2. Storage Pool Disorder
47
absence of alpha granules. Platelets appear gray in wright stained smears.
Gray Platelet Syndrome
48
Diminished delta granules or Dense Bodies
Storage Pool Disorder
49
Storage Pool Disorder occur in inherited diseases such as
1. Chediak Higashi syndrome
2. Hermanky-Pudlak syndrome
3. Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
50
charcterized by enlarged lysosomal vesicle in blood cells.
Chediak Higashi syndrome
51
autosomal recessive albanism
Hermanky-Pudlak syndrome
52
X-Linked recessive disease Characterized by a triad of Eczema, Immune Deficiency and Thrombocytopenia
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
53
auto-immune disorders : Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), and characterized by low platelet count, but high MPV (mean platelet volume)
Giant Platelet Disorders
54
Caused by glycoprotein abnormalities: Bernard Soulier syndrome
Giant Platelet Disorders
55
Caused by alpha granules defect: gray platelet syndrome
Giant Platelet Disorders
56
Characterized by abnormal
inclusions: May–Hegglin (MYH9 gene): Giant Platelets, Dohle Bodies in WBC.
Giant Platelet Disorders
57
rare congenital bleeding disorder that is due to a defect in a platelet mechanism required for blood coagulation.
Scott Syndrome
58
mechanism for translocating PS to the platelet membrane is defective, resulting in impaired thrombin formation.
Scott Syndrome
59
binding site for plasma protein complexes that are involved in the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, such as factor VIIIa-IXa (tenase) and factor Va-Xa (prothrombinase).
Phosphatidylserine (PS)
60
Vascular disorder : bruising in the skin
Purpura
61
What are the Hereditary Vascular Disorders
1. Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangectasia (Rendu-Osler-Weber Syndrome)
2. Ehler-Danlos Syndrome
62
- Missing elastin in the surrounding stroma of blood vessel
- Characterized by Normal Bleeding Time and Increased Capillary Fragility
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangectasia (Rendu-Osler-Weber Syndrome)
63
- X linked Trait ascribed by defect in collagen production.
- Prolonged Bleeding Time and Capillary Fragility
Ehler-Danlos Syndrome
64
What are the Acquired Vascular Disorders
1. Henoch-Schonlein Purpura
2. Senile Purpura
3. Scurvy
4. Infectious
65
Allergic purpura. Vasculitis mediated by immune complexes containing IgA antibodies.
Henoch-Schonlein Purpura
66
Common in elderly men. Due to lack of collagen support for small blood vessel and loss of subcutaneous fat and elastic fibers.
Senile Purpura
67
Due to Ascorbic Acid (Vit C deficiency) that result to decreased synthesis of collagen and Hyaluronic Acid
Scurvy
68
meningococcemia, Rickettsial infections, Staphylococcal infections (Endotoxin)
Infectious
69
formation of insoluble, cross-linked fibrin by activated coagulation factors, specifically thrombin
Secondary hemostasis
70
stabilizes the primary platelet plug, particularly in larger blood vessels where the platelet plug is insufficient alone to stop hemorrhage.
Fibrin
71
Synonym of Secondary hemostasis
coagulation
72
can be cofactors for enzymatic coagulation factors or can just be a substrate (Factor I or fibrinogen).
Non-enzymatic coagulation factors
73
Other term for proteolytic enzymes
zymogens
74
has two initial pathways which lead to fibrin formation.
coagulation cascade of secondary hemostasis
75
known as the intrinsic pathway
contact activation pathway
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known as the extrinsic pathway
tissue factor pathway
77
Refers when the two pathway will meet
Common Pathway
78
4 PHASES of Secondary hemostasis
1. Contact Phase
2. Activation of Factor X
3. Conversion of Prothrombin to Thrombin
4. Formation of Fibrin Clot
79
Other term for clotting factor : Fibrinogen
Factor I
80
Other term for clotting factor : Prothrombin
Clotting factor II
81
Other term for clotting factor : Tissue Factor
Clotting factor III
82
Other term for clotting factor : calcium
Clotting factor IV
83
Other term for clotting factor : proaccelerin or Labile Factor
Clotting factor V
84
Other term for clotting factor : Proconvertin/ Stable Factor
Clotting factor VII
85
Other term for clotting factor : Antihemophilic Factor A
Clotting factor VIII
86
Other term for clotting factor : Antihemophilic Factor B, Christmas Factor, Plasma Thromboplastin Component
Clotting factor IX
87
Other term for clotting factor : Stuart Factor, Stuart-Prower Factor
Clotting factor X
88
Other term for clotting factor : Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent
Clotting factor XI
89
Other term for clotting factor : Hageman Factor, Contact Factor
Clotting factor XII
90
Other term for clotting factor : Fibrin Stabilizing Factor
Clotting factor XIII
91
Also known as Fletcher Factor
Prekallikrein
92
Also known as Fitzgerald Factor
High Molecular Weight Kininogen
93
enumerate the Cofactors
1. III
2. V/Va
3. VIII/ VIIIa
4. HMWK
94
Enumerate Vitamin K Dependent
1. II
2. VII
3. IX
4. X
95
Tests for Secondary Hemostasis
1. Prothrombin Time
2. Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)
96
Enumerate the Inhibitors to Coagulation
1. protein C
2. Protein S
3. Antithrombin III
4. Heparin Cofactor II
5. a2 Macroglobulin
6. Extrinsic Pathway inhibitor (EPI)
7. C1 inhibitor
8. a1 antitrypsin
97
Inhibitor that targets tissue factor
tissue factor pathway inhibitor
98
Inhibitor that targets Factor II and Factor X
Antithrombin
99
Inhibitor that targets Factor V and VIII
Protein C and S
100
Inhibitor that targets fibrin
Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor
