lecture 1 (1/10)

Question 1

singular ===> plural

Answer 1

-a ==> ae
-us ==> i
-um ==> a
-is ==> es

Question 2

genus ==>

Answer 2

genera

Question 3

phylum ==>

Answer 3

phyla

Question 4

cladistics

Answer 4

how we group organisms based on shared traits

Question 5

genus is capitalized and species is lowercase, both are in italics

Answer 5

ex:
“Panthera pardus”
“E coli”

Question 6

3 domains of life

Answer 6

-eukarya
-bacteria
-archea

Question 7

3 plant characteristics

Answer 7

-pants have chloroplasts
-cell wall
-photsynthesis

Question 8

plants are loosely referred to as

Answer 8

anything “photosynthetic”

Question 9

Algae

Answer 9

-Class Phaeophyceae (brown algae)
-Class Rhodophyceae (red algae)
-Class Chlorophyceae (green algae)

Question 10

algae characteristics

Answer 10

-group(kingdom)- kingdom Protista
-types( classes)- Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta
-simple/ aquatic/ multicellular
-LACKS vascular tissue, seeds, stems, roots

Question 11

Class Phaeophyceae

Answer 11

-mostly marine; some freshwater
- ex genera= sargassum & kelps
-storage carbs are NOT starch; uses mannitol and laminarin to store energy
-cell walls made up of cellulose/ alginic acids=> gives algae its gummy and sticky feeling
-

Question 12

physical characteristics of Phaeophyceae

Answer 12

-blade; like leaves
-stipe; like stem
-holdfast; holds structure to the ground
-floats- helps plant-like algae float to the top

Question 13

sargasso sea

Answer 13

Bermuda triangle

Question 14

Class Rhodophyceae

Answer 14

-only marine
-can’t float to the surface
-storage carb= starch
-absorbs light much more strongly in blue/green spectrum b/c they reflect the red wavelength and use blue/ green light as their energy source

Question 15

Dinoflagellates

Answer 15

-relatives of Phaeophyceae
- “red tide “ can make u sick

Question 16

physical characteristics of Rhodophyceae

Answer 16

• agar and carrageenan are derived from red algae and are used in makeup, ice cream, sushi, etc
• Coraline algae builds reefs
  -cell walls made of cellulose
  -no vascular tissue or seeds

Question 17

Class Chlorophyceae

Answer 17

• always found near water/fresh and marine environments
  -some are multicellular and unicellular
  -closest relatives are plants==>volvox
  *Charophytes- gave rise to plants

Question 18

Kingdom Plantae review

Answer 18

-autotrophic
-cell wall made of cellulose
-mostly found on land
-multicellular
-primary storage carb= starch
-evolved from algal group Charophytes

Question 19

Lower Plants

Answer 19

-Bryophytes- moss
-Pteridophytes- horsetails/ ferns
-Lycophyta- club moss (more structure than bryophytes)
*all lack seeds

Question 20

Phylum Bryophyta

Answer 20

_lower plant
-no true roots
-no seeds or vascular tissue so they have height limits
-found by water sources
-lacks a cuticle
-have flagellated sperm and use water to disperse them for fertilization
- stores starch and lipids
-cell wall made of cellulose

Question 21

Phylum Pteridophyta

Answer 21

• horsetails/ ferns
  -ferns- the largest group of seedless plants
  -horsetails are usually found in wet conditions or standing water
  -ferns are found in tropical areas and wetlands

Question 22

seed plants

Answer 22

-allowed to lay dormant until correct germination
-seeded plants don’t have flagellated sperm/ they are transferred by winds and animals

Question 23

Gymnosperms

Answer 23

-naked seeds
-the first group of plants to have seeds
-arrived during the Mesozoic period
-a dryer colder climate was favored by evolution
-ex: pines cycads, bald cypress, ginko

Question 24

Phylum Coniferophyta

Answer 24

-cone bearers
-male and females parts on one plant
-mostly woody plants, evergreen, needles bc of surface area
-pollinated by wind
-female cone sits above the male cone
-starch
-cellulose

Question 25

Phylum Ginkgophyte

Answer 25

- 1 species -naked seed w/ thick fleshy seed coat -deciduous -uses: herbal remedies, prevents memory loss, increases blood flow -starch -cellulose

Question 26

Angiosperms

Answer 26

-covered seeds -pollinated by animals -seed covered by fruit or flower -both sexual organs on one plant 3 THINGS that count for success -produces fruit -good vascular system -double fertilization

Question 27

Class Monocotyledonae

Answer 27

-vascular tissue is scattered -scattered roots (no main roots) -one cotyledon - petals come in 3's -parallel veins

Question 28

Class Dicotyledonae

Answer 28

-vascular tissue in a ring shape -main tap root w/ small roots -2 cotyledon -petals come in 4's and 5's -scattered veins -spreading leaves (maple leaves)

Question 29

xylem and phloem

Answer 29

The xylem distributes water and dissolved minerals upward through the plant, from the roots to the leaves. The phloem carries food downward from the leaves to the roots the xylem is bigger

Question 30

Mnium

Answer 30

-moss -no vascular bundles

Question 31

Animals Cladistics

Answer 31

-Domain- Eukarya -Kingdom- Animalia -Multicellular -heterotroph -motille -ploidy- diplod sexually reproduces

Question 32

4 major branch points in animal phylogeny

Answer 32

-coelom- fluid-filled cavity around the digestive tube; acoelomate, psuedocoelem, eucoelomate -symmetry- asymmetric, bilateral, radial -true tissues- mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm -how coelom is derived- cell masses or digestive tube

Question 33

quick facts

Answer 33

approx. 35 animal phyla stoma- mouth pro- first protostoma- anus formed before mouth

Question 34

Major Invertebrate Phyla: Phylum Porifera

Answer 34

- sponges -asymmetric -amoebocytes and choanocytes -found in marine habitats -lacks true tissue -filter feeder system -reproduces sexually and asexually (fragmentation) -osculum- portal where water rushes out

Question 35

Phylum Cnidaria

Answer 35

-hydras, jellyfish, and sea anemones -mostly marine -radial symmetry -diploblasts- 2 true tissues (ecto and endoderms) -incomplete digestive system(gastrovascular cavity)- comes in and out of the same hole -carnivorous

Question 36

Cnidocytes

Answer 36

"stinging cells '

Question 37

Phylum Cnidaria

Answer 37

-hydras, jellyfish, and sea anemones -mostly marine -radial symmetry -diploblastic- 2 true tissues (ecto and endoderms) -incomplete digestive system(gastrovascular cavity)- comes in and out of the same hole -carnivorous